摘 要:数字化零售的迅速崛起将改变原有的竞争格局和市场均衡,使线上线下零售市场呈现出新特征和新问题。本文从理论层面对这些新特征和新问题,以及新经济背景下的市场监管和规制进行了经济学分析。研究认为,新的市场均衡下,线上市场更易采取价格歧视从而使线上交易价格呈现出价格离散或多重价格均衡的特点。同时,更加透明的价格和较低的菜单成本也使线上市场更易出现横向合谋;在降低消费者搜寻与信息成本的同时,线上市场也存在着严重的信息不对称即柠檬市场导致的市场失灵问题;线下零售的数字化转型与线上线下竞争的市场新特征对原有的规制机制提出新的要求。平台监管和政府规制需明确目标,创新规制理念和方式,建立符合经济特征、市场结构条件变化下的科学治理政策体系。本文从理论上深入探讨了线上线下竞争的互动新态势和新问题,分析了在线上线下新的经济特征下建立健全针对新竞争行为和竞争秩序的规制体系的重要性和必要性,并对未来研究方向进行展望。
关键词:线上线下竞争 线上市场失灵 经济规制
Economic Analysis of Online and Offline Competition and Regulation
Mingming Shi Zhou Jiang
Abstract: The rapid rise of digital retailing will change the original competitive landscape and market equilibrium, bringing new features and new problems to the online and offline market. This article conducts an economic analysis of these new features and problems, and also analyzes the market supervision and regulation under the new economy. We find that online retailers are easier to adopt a price discrimination strategy, so that online prices are characterized by price dispersion or multiple price equilibrium. More transparent prices and lower menu costs also make online markets more prone to horizontal collusion. While online market is reducing the cost of searching and information for consumers, there is also a serious problem of the online market failure caused by information asymmetry. The new market characteristics of the digital transformation of offline retail and the integration of online and offline put forward new requirements for the original regulatory mechanism. Platform supervision and government regulation needs to clearly define the objectives, innovate the ideas and methods of regulation and establish a scientific governance policy system that conforms to economic characteristics and changes in market structure. This article theoretically discusses the new features and new problems of online and offline competition, analyzes the importance and necessity of establishing a regulatory system for new competition behavior under the new characteristics of online and offline market, and also proposes several promising directions for further research.
Keywords: Online vs. Offline Competition Online Market Failure Economic Regulation
JEL Classification: L10 D40
数字经济对纺织服装业全球价值链分工地位影响研究
于李娜 隋晓静
摘 要:20世纪90年代以来,数字经济快速发展,成为世界生产方式变革的重要驱动力,传统产业的数字化转型也是各国政府未来重点关注的方向。研究基于2008-2014年世界21个国家的跨国面板数据,以纺织服装产业为研究对象,探究数字经济发展对一国纺织服装产业在全球价值链中分工位置的影响及其作用机制,并对数字经济影响一国纺织服装产业全球价值链分工地位的交易成本、技术创新的双重中介效应进行检验。结果表明:(1)数字经济对纺织服装业全球价值链地位具有正向影响,且移动方向为研发设计等上游环节;(2)技术创新是数字经济影响纺织服装业全球价值链分工地位的重要渠道,发挥中介效应作用;(3)交易成本遮掩了数字经济对纺织服装业全球价值链分工地位的影响,具有遮掩效应。
关键词:数字经济 全球价值链 纺织服装业 上游度指数 中介效应
Research on the Influence of Digital Economy on the Division of Labor in Textile and Apparel Industry Global Value Chain
Lina Yu Xiaojing Sui
Abstract: Since 1990s, the rapid development of digital economy has become a significant driving force for the transformation of the world’s mode of production, and the digital transformation of traditional industries is also the focus of governments in the future. Based on the panel data of 21 countries in the world from 2008 to 2014, this paper takes the textile and apparel industry as research object to explore the influence and mechanism of digital economy development on the division of labor in global value chain of this industry. Meanwhile, it also examines the double mediating effect of the transaction cost and technological innovation on the labor of global value chain of textile and apparel industry affected by digital economy. The results show that:(1) The digital economy has a positive impact on the division of labor in textile and apparel industry global value chain , and its moving direction is the upstream links such as research and design; (2) As an important channel through which the digital economy affects the division of labor in the global value chain of the textile and apparel industry, technological innovation plays a mediating effect; (3) Transaction cost has a suppressing effect, in addition, it masks the impact of the digital economy on the division of labor in the global value chain of the textile and apparel industry.
Keywords: Digital Economy Global Value Chains Textile and Apparel Industry Upstream Index Mediating Effect
JEL Classification: L16 L67
区块链技术,企业策略性合谋行为与反垄断政策
–基于智能合约的理论研究
曾世宏 高晨
摘 要:区块链作为新兴的数字化技术或将对企业策略性合谋行为产生重要影响,需要深入研究其对新型垄断形成的内在机理。本文基于传统产业组织理论中关于市场阻碍进入和默契合谋的基本原理与模型框架,引入区块链技术进一步分析智能合约影响企业策略性合谋行为的内在机理,重点探讨公共区块链和私有区块链影响企业策略性合谋行为的途径和经济后果。研究发现:公共区块链有利于增强企业进入市场,但当在位企业成功运用私有区块链或是联盟链时,势必通过链上的特有权限把控传统产业的市场竞争策略行为,通过更改底层权限阻碍进入和隐秘合谋保持价格竞争优势,持续获取垄断利润。该研究结论,对于数字技术条件下的垄断监管及反垄断政策的完善具有重要的启示意义。
关键词:区块链技术 智能合约 策略性合谋行为 反垄断政策
Block chain technology, enterprise strategic collusion behavior and anti-monopoly policy-- Theoretical research based on intelligent contract
Shihong Zeng Chen Gao
Abstract: As an emerging digital technology, block-chain may exert an important influence on strategic collusion behaviors of enterprises, and the internal mechanism of forming new monopolies should be studied in depth. Based on the basic principles and model framework of market obstruction and tacit collusion in traditional industrial organization theory, this paper introduces block chain technology to further analyze the internal mechanism of smart contract influencing strategic collusion behavior of enterprises, and focuses on discussing the ways and economic consequences of public block chain and private block chain influencing strategic collusion behavior of enterprises. It is founded that public block chains strengthen enterprises to enter the markets, but when incumbents successfully use private block chain or chain alliance, is bound by chains of special privileges to control the market competition strategy behavior of traditional industries, by changing the underlying permissions block into the hidden conspired to keep the price competitive advantage, and continue to obtain monopoly profits. The conclusion of this study is of great enlightenment to the improvement of monopoly supervision and anti-monopoly policy under the digital technology.
Keywords: Block Chain Technology Smart Contracts Strategic Conspiracy Antitrust Policy
JEL Classification: L41 O33 D21
企业家创新精神与制造业全球价值链地位
崔日明 邹航
摘 要:本文从理论和实证两个维度深入考察了企业家创新精神对制造业全球价值链地位的影响,并就典型发达经济体与新兴经济体进行比较分析。研究发现,以居民专利申请数量为代表的企业家创新精神对一国制造业全球价值链地位的提高具有显著促进作用,且该结论具有很强的稳健性,并存在行业及国家异质性。其中行业异质性表明,不同要素视角下企业家创新精神均显著提升了制造业全球价值链地位;国家异质性表明,新兴经济体专利创新转化为促进其全球价值链地位提高的能力相对较弱。对于影响机制的进一步研究发现,对比发达经济体,新兴经济体在资本和技术密集型行业专利转化率不高、大量专利并未形成正向的、对于其全球价值链地位有促进作用的生产力。中国作为最具竞争力的新兴经济体,应加大投入、构建良好体制、积极培育企业家创新精神、促进专利转化,进而提升制造业全球价值链地位。
关键词:企业家创新精神 全球价值链 行业异质性
Entrepreneurial Innovation and GVC Status of Manufacturing
Riming Cui Hang Zou
Abstract: The purpose of this research was to empirically test the influences of innovative entrepreneurship on manufacturing’s global value chains (GVC) status,and comparing analysis of typical advanced and emerging economies. Results revealed that entrepreneurial innovation, which is represented by residents’ patent has noticeable promotions to a nation’s manufacturing GVC status, and the conclusion is still valid while using WLS to test again. And there is also industrial and national heterogeneity. Further research found that, compared to advanced economies, emerging ones have lower patent conversions and many patents have not promoted manufacturing’s technological improvements, which is one of the primary reasons for failing to promote the countries GVC status. As the most competitive emerging economy, China should invest more in human capital, set up better system, actively cultivate entrepreneurial innovation, promote better patent conversion in order to upgrade manufacturing’s GVC status.
Keywords: Entrepreneurial Innovation Global Value Chain Industrial Heterogeneity
JEL Classification:O33 L16 D24
中国装备制造业发展:特征事实与增长动力转换实证
马艳艳 刘洁
摘 要:在中国经济由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段的现实背景下,支撑中国装备制造业保持稳定增长的传统动力受到供需两侧结构性变化的约束而趋于减弱,推动装备制造业增长动力转换对于实现装备制造业高质量发展具有重要意义。文章首先描述了1990-2017年中国装备制造业发展的特征事实,然后通过构建扩展的C-D生产函数模型,运用全面FGLS和迭代FGLS估计模型对中国装备制造业增长动力转换进行实证。研究结果表明:中国装备制造业各细分行业目前正处于或即将进入产业成熟期,亟需培育产业增长新动力。从整体回归结果看,中国装备制造业产出增长主要由劳动力要素驱动,资本要素和研发投入的驱动作用相对较弱。从分段回归结果看,劳动力要素和研发投入对装备制造业产出增长的驱动作用明显提升,而资本要素的驱动作用却明显减弱。中国装备制造业并未遵循“劳动力要素驱动-资本要素驱动-研发投入驱动”的传统增长路径,而是存在着依靠劳动力要素和研发投入“双轮驱动”的可能性。
关键词:装备制造业 增长动力 劳动力 资本 研发
The Development of China's Equipment Manufacturing Industry: Characteristics of the Facts and Empirical Evidence of the Driving Force Transformation
Yanyan Ma Jie Liu
Abstract: Under the realistic background of China's economic development from high-speed growth to high-quality development, the traditional driving forces supporting the steady growth of China's equipment manufacturing industry are constrained by structural changes on both sides of supply and demand. It is of great significance to promote the transformation of the driving force for the growth of the equipment manufacturing industry to realize the high-quality development of the equipment manufacturing industry. The paper first describes the characteristics and facts of the development of China's equipment manufacturing industry from 1990 to 2017, and then makes an empirical study of the driving force transformation of China's equipment manufacturing industry by constructing an extended Cobb-Douglas production function model and using comprehensive FGLS and iterative FGLS estimation model. The research results show that: The segmented industries of China's equipment manufacturing industry are in or about to enter the stage of industrial maturity, so it is urgent to cultivate new impetus for industrial growth. From the overall regression results, the output growth of China's equipment manufacturing industry is mainly driven by labor factors, while the driving effect of capital factors and R&D input is relatively weak. From the segmented regression results, the driving effect of labor factor and R&D input on the output growth of equipment manufacturing industry is obviously increased, while the driving effect of capital factor is obviously weakened. China's equipment manufacturing industry has not followed the traditional growth path of "labor factors-capital factors-R&D input". Instead, there is the possibility of "two-wheel drive", depending on labor factors and R&D investment.
Keywords: Equipment Manufacturing Industry Driving Force Labor Capital R&D
JEL Classification: L69 O14
东北亚区域价值链合作中贸易平衡、贸易关联与需求依赖度研究
赵明亮 高婕 刘青
摘 要:全球价值链分工格局的深刻变化、日益复杂的全球经贸形势,对中国对外贸易、产业转型发展、“一带一路”倡议等海外发展战略将会产生极其深远的影响。东北亚区域在中国价值链合作中一直占有十分重要的地位,本文首先分析传统贸易统计下东北亚区域贸易态势,进而基于亚洲发展银行——多区域投入产出表(ADB-MRIO)数据,借鉴Koopman et al.(2014)、王直等(2015)的增加值贸易核算方法,改进及构建相关指标,从增加值贸易角度对中国与东北亚区域价值链合作中各国的产业贸易平衡、贸易关联与需求依赖度等进行深入剖析,探明中国与各国的价值链合作关联机制、地位变化趋势、真实的贸易收益,为中国东北亚区域外经贸战略调整和产业转型升级提供参考依据。相应提出以下对策建议:正确审视贸易差额,更加关注增加值贸易结构和贸易收益变化趋势;制定差异化的国别产业贸易政策、促进高技术产业贸易关联和需求依赖度的提升;增强政治互信,推进中日韩自贸区建设,塑造国际贸易新动能;梯度强化优势产业竞争力,促进全球价值链地位提升以及重构。
关键词:全球价值链 区域分工网络 贸易关联 需求依赖
Trade Balance, Trade Association and Demand Dependence in Northeast Asia Regional Value Chain Cooperation
Mingliang Zhao Jie Gao Qing Liu
Abstract: The profound changes of global value chain division, increasingly complicated global economic and trade situation have extremely important influence on China’s international trade, industrial transformation and "Belt and Road" initiative. Northeast Asia has been playing a very important role in China's global value chain trade. This paper first analyzes the regional trade situation of Northeast Asia under the traditional trade statistics, and then based on the Asian Development Bank multiregional input-output table (ADB-MRIO) data, learn from value-added trade accounting method of Koopman et al. (2014), Wang Zhi (2015), improve and build relevant value added trade indicators. This paper makes an analysis of the industrial trade balance, trade linkage and demand dependence in global value chain division between China and northeast Asia, fond out the vertical specialization mechanisms between China and other countries, trends in status changes and real trade gains. The following countermeasures and suggestions are proposed: Correctly examine the trade balance and pay more attention to trade structure and trade income change trend of value added trade; Formulating a differentiated industrial trade policy and making efforts to promote the trade linkage and demand-dependence of the high-tech industry; Enhance political mutual trust, accelerate the construction of China-Japan-South Korea Free Trade Area and create new momentum for international trade; Step by step to strengthen industrial competitiveness, to promote the status of global value chain and reconstruct China-based value chain.
Keywords: Global Value Chain Regional Vertical Specialization Network Trade Relationship Demand Dependence
JEL Classification: F14 F43
后疫情时期契约农业对农户收入信心影响的实证研究
孙军娜 雷宏振 睢博 刘超
摘 要:本文以新型冠状病毒肺炎事件为例,研究后疫情时期契约农业是否有助于提升农户收入信心。首先基于生产函数理论建立数理模型,分析契约农业对农户收入信心的影响。其次,将农户从签订契约的合同商处得到的社会支持分为后疫情时期采取的有效防控措施、提供饲料来源等降低生产困难、疫情及生产相关信息、协助农户更快恢复生产生活等四个方面,研究契约农业如何通过社会支持影响农户收入信心。选取229户农户调查问卷数据进行实证分析,估计结果显示,契约农业提升农户收入信心。为避免遗漏变量导致估计结果偏差,实证分析时引入户主及家庭特征等控制变量。最后,文章建议地方政府应该加大契约农业的推广,并加强疫情及生产等信息的宣传,加快本地生产生活恢复等。研究结论为契约农业的进一步推广提供理论解释,并对于后疫情时期提升农户收入信心、确保农户稳定增收具有指导意义。
关键词:契约农业 收入信心 后疫情时期
Empirical Study on the Impact of Contract Farming on Household Income Confidence in the Post-epidemic Period
Junna Sun Hongzhen Lei Bo Sui Chao Liu
Abstract: In this paper, COVID-19 incident was taken as an example and, to research whether contract farming can help restore household income confidence under the Post-epidemic Period. Firstly, the mathematical model is established on the basis of agricultural production risk coefficient, the impact of contract farming confidence in household income is assessed. Secondly, the household’s social support which be divided into the effective prevention and control measures in the post-epidemic period, provide feed sources, information about the epidemic and production, will be involved in to research household income confidence. The questionnaire data of 229 households are selected for empirical study, the estimation results are showed that the household income confidence is improved. To avoid missing variable lead to estimate deviation, the household and family characteristics are introduced. Lastly, the suggestions are given that local government should promote contract farming, increase the production and epidemic information propaganda, and restore the local production and living speedily. It’s provided theoretical explanation for further strengthening the extension of contract farming, and significance is guided for improving household income confidence and guarantee the stability of farmers’ income in the post-epidemic period.
Keywords: Contract Farming Income Confidence The Post-epidemic Period
JEL Classification: R12 R21