纵向合约与相关市场界定：来自中国乘用车市场的证据
李凯 孟一鸣
摘 要：如何界定相关市场是反垄断分析中的重要研究问题。本文考虑纵向合约如何通过成本传递率对相关市场界定产生影响。基于中国乘用车市场的背景，利用新实证产业组织研究方法，对于不同纵向合约如何通过成本传递影响相关市场界定进行实证研究。实证结果表明：线性定价下的成本传递率较低，一旦忽略成本不完全传递可能会低估制造商的利润率，进而导致相对较大的相关市场界定范围；在非线性合约下，较高的成本传递率不会对上游相关市场界定产生影响，界定相关市场时可以忽略上下游企业间的纵向合约。本文的启示是在成本不完全传递特征较为突出的市场中进行相关市场界定时，需要充分考虑纵向合约的作用。
关键词：纵向合约 成本传递率 市场界定 临界转移率分析 NEIO
Vertical Contracts and Related Market Definition: Evidence from the Chinese Automobile Market
Kai Li Yiming Meng
Abstract：How to define the relevant market is an important research issue in antitrust analysis. This paper considers the impact of cost pass-through on market definition from the perspective of vertical market structure. Based on the background of Chinese automobile market, using the new empirical industrial organization research method, this paper conducts an empirical study on how different vertical contracts affect the market definition through cost pass-through. The empirical results show that the linear pricing contract will produce a low cost pass-through rate, if incomplete cost pass-through is ignored, manufacturers' profit margins may be underestimated, which leads to a relatively large range of relevant market definition. Under nonlinear contracts, higher cost pass-through has no effect on the definition of upstream related market, and vertical market structure can be ignored when defining related market. The implication of this paper is that the role of vertical market structure should be taken into full consideration when defining relevant markets in markets with prominent features of incomplete cost pass-through.
Keywords：Vertical Contract Cost Pass-through Market Definition Critical Transfer Rate Analysis NEIO
JEL Classification：L40 L42 L44
政府注意力配置与产业发展：基于“兑现偏差”视角
田金方 刘慧康 薛瑞
摘 要：为检验地方政府发展规划目标与其决策实施之间可能存在的“兑现偏差”现象，本文以数字经济这一经济高质量发展的新引擎为例，利用文本挖掘技术估算政府工作报告的有限关注，检验政府数字经济注意力与数字经济发展之间的经验关系，分析政府注意力在数字经济行业的资源配置效率。结果表明：尽管政府数字经济注意力整体呈现上升趋势，然而各个省份数字经济发展水平参差不齐，政府注意力的资源配置效率在数字经济行业存在“兑现偏差”现象；政府将数字经济的注意力更多配置于产业，然而“兑现”结果多聚焦于基础设施，政府的规划与实施之间存在投资结构扭曲效应；数字经济基础的政府注意力配置效率在我国地理区域呈现自内陆向沿海递增的区域异质性。
关键词：数字经济 政府注意力 文本挖掘 配置效率
Government Attention Allocation and Industrial Development: Based on the Perspective of "Fulfillment Deviation"
Jinfang Tian Huikang Liu Rui Xue
Abstract：In order to test the possible “Fulfillment Deviation” between the development planning goals of local governments and implementation of their decisions, this paper takes the digital economy, a new engine for high-quality economic development, as an example; uses text mining technology to estimate the limited attention of government work reports; tests the empirical relationship between government attention to the digital economy and the development of the digital economy; and analyzes the resource allocation efficiency of government attention in the digital economy industry. The results show that: 1.Although the government attention to the digital economy is showing an upward trend as a whole, the level of development of the digital economy in various provinces is uneven, and the resource allocation efficiency of government attention in digital economy industry displays the "Fulfillment Deviation". 2.Attention is more focused on the industry, but the results of "Fulfillment" are mostly focused on infrastructure, and there exists the distortion effect of investment structure between government planning and implementation. 3. The efficiency of government attention allocation in digital economical infrastructure presents increasing regional heterogeneity from inland to coastal regions in China.
Keywords: Digital Economy Government Attention Text Mining Allocative Efficiency
JEL Classification: O25 D78 C23
互联网平台相关市场界定的实证分析：以奇虎360诉腾讯案为例
占佳
摘 要：加强平台经济领域的反垄断执法已成为全球的共同趋势。然而作为反垄断经济分析关键步骤和逻辑起点的相关市场界定在平台经济中却面临巨大挑战，并已成为反垄断法在该领域有效实施的主要障碍。为此，文章利用能够衡量双边市场乘数效应的需求替代弹性指标和第三方数据，综合运用临界损失分析、临界转移率分析等SSNIP相关执行方法对奇虎360诉腾讯案进行相关市场界定的分析，证明即时通讯产品市场即为本案的相关产品市场，从而为相关判决提供了（事后的）实证分析结论和关键性的经济证据。同时，文章也进一步证实了SSNIP分析具有普适性，仍能适用于互联网平台等新经济形态中。
关键词：相关市场界定 平台经济 反垄断 双边市场
An Empirical Analysis of Relevant Market Definition in Platform：the Case of Qihu360 V. Tencent
Jia Zhan
Abstract: Strengthening the antitrust enforcement in platform economy has become a global common trend. However, the relevant market definition analysis, which is the key step and logical starting point of antitrust economic analysis, faces huge challenges in the platform economy. It has become a major obstacle to the effective enforcement of antitrust laws in this field. So, the article used the adjusted elasticity index, data from iResearch and SSNIP test to analyze the relevant product market definitions of the case of Qihoo 360 v. Tencent. It proved that the instant messaging market was the relevant product market of this case, thus providing (after the fact) empirical conclusions and key economic evidence for the judgments. Meanwhile, the article also confirmed that SSNIP test is universal and can still be applied to new economy such as Internet platforms.
Keywords: Relevant Market Definition Platform Economy Anti-trust Two-sided Market
JEL Classification: D42 L16 L43
共享住宿平台中的质量信号会影响产品定价吗？
——基于价值共创行为的研究视角
王博 贾婷
摘 要：在共享住宿平台中，消费者能够利用价值共创行为形成共创评分、共创图文和共创文字三类不同的产品质量信号，通过影响潜在消费者购买决策生成信号价值。供给方为制定更加合理的产品价格，需要考虑上述价值共创行为的影响效果。随机抽取本土化代表性共享住宿平台——小猪短租中的北京市房源作为样本，进行实证研究，结果显示在控制其他变量不变的情况下，共创评分信号和共创图文信号能够对产品定价产生显著的正向影响，但共创文字信号的作用效果为负。因此，供给方在制定产品价格时应充分考虑消费者价值共创行为生成的产品质量信号的异质性影响、平台企业则需要完善创新消费者之间的沟通交流渠道，以此促进共享住宿行业健康可持续发展。
关键词：质量信号 价值共创 产品定价 共享住宿
Will Quality Signal in Sharing Accommodation Platform Affect Product Pricing ?
——Research Perspective Based on Consumer Value Co-creation Behavior
Bo Wang Ting Jia
Abstract：In the sharing accommodation platform, consumers can use value co-creation behavior to form three kinds of different product quality signals: co-creation score, co-creation graph-text and co-creation text, generating signal value by influencing potential consumers' purchase decisions. In order to make a more reasonable product price, suppliers need to consider the effect of the consumers’ value co-creation behavior. Randomly selecting the houses which in Beijing from piggy short rent as sample to carry out empirical research, the results show that under the control of other variables unchanged, the co-creation score signal and co-creation graph-text signal can have a significant positive impact on product pricing, but the effect of co-creation text signal is negative. Therefore, when setting product’s price, suppliers should fully consider the heterogeneous impact of product quality signals which generated by consumer value co-creation behavior, and platform enterprises need to innovate the communication channels between consumers, so as to promote the healthy and sustainable development of sharing accommodation industry.
Keywords：Quality Signal Value Co-creation Product Pricing Sharing Accommodation
JEL Classification：M31 Z33
中间品进口多元化、产品关系与中国出口企业技术创新
李平 孙明雪
摘 要：本文利用2000-2007年中国工业企业和海关数据，考察了中间品进口多元化对中国出口企业技术创新的影响。研究发现，中间品进口多元化显著促进了中国出口企业技术创新水平的提升，这种促进作用的产生既得益于进口中间品种类多元化也得益于来源地多元化。进一步研究显示，作用结果因企业贸易方式、进口来源地属性和出口目的地属性不同而有所差异。此外，从企业进口中间品与自身生产品间的替代与互补关系入手，通过中介效应模型探究中间品进口多元化对出口企业技术创新产生影响的传导机制，发现中间品进口多元化主要是通过产品间替代关系的显现来帮助企业实现专业化生产，打造核心竞争力，进而促进出口企业技术创新水平的提升。
关键词：中间品进口多元化 产品关系 专业化生产 技术创新
Import Diversification of Intermediate Goods, Product Relationship and China Technological Innovation of Export Enterprises
Ping Li Mingxue Sun
Abstract：Using the data of Chinese industrial enterprises and customs from 2000 to 2007, this paper examines the impact of the diversification of intermediate imports on the technological innovation of Chinese exporting enterprises. The study found that the diversification of the import of intermediate products has significantly promoted the improvement of the technological innovation level of Chinese export enterprises. Further research shows that the effect results are different due to the different trade methods, import source attributes and export destination attributes. In addition, starting from the substitution and complementary relationship between the intermediate goods imported by enterprises and their own products, through the mediation effect model to explore the transmission mechanism of the impact of the diversification of intermediate goods imports on the technological innovation of exporting enterprises, it is found that the diversification of intermediate goods imports is mainly through products. The emergence of the substitution relationship between them can help enterprises to achieve specialized production, build core competitiveness, and then promote the improvement of the level of technological innovation of export enterprises.
Key words：Import Diversification of Intermediate Products Product Relationship Specialized Production Technological Innovation
JEL Classification: F100 F130
多重目标约束与产业集聚的高质量发展效应
—— 一个基于央地关系的委托代理框架
纪玉俊 郭子昂
摘 要：基于中央政府对地方政府的多重目标约束，分析了地方政府实现产业集聚高质量发展效应的内在激励机制与约束措施。结果表明，立足于产业集聚对增长-资源-环境的作用，产业集聚的区域发展效应与地方政府的引导方向都会在一定程度上受到政绩考核方式、财政收益率、环境规制以及经济发展水平等因素的影响。因此，在高质量发展阶段，应当推进由数量型产业集聚向质量型产业集聚的转变，中央政府在促进地方政府实现这一目标的过程中，要注意各项措施的统筹推进，针对不同经济发展水平地区施行差异化的激励和约束政策。
关键词：产业集聚 高质量发展 央地关系 多重目标约束
Multiple Target Constraints and the High Quality Development Effect of Industrial Agglomeration
——A Principal-agent Framework Based on the Relationship between
the Central and Local Government
Yujun Ji Ziang Guo
Abstract: Based on the multiple goal constraints of the central government on local governments, the internal incentives and constraints of local governments to realize the high-quality development effects of industrial agglomeration are analyzed. The results show that, based on the role of industrial agglomeration on economic growth-resources-environment, the regional development effect of industrial agglomeration and the direction of local governments' guidance are both influenced to some extent by the performance appraisal method, fiscal rate of return, environmental regulation and economic development level. Therefore, in the stage of high-quality development, the transformation from quantitative industrial agglomeration to qualitative industrial agglomeration should be promoted. In the process of promoting local governments to achieve this goal, the central government should be aware of the integrated promotion of various measures and the implementation of differentiated incentive and constraint policies for regions with different levels of economic development.
Keywords: Industrial Agglomeration High Quality Development Central government-local government Relationship Multitasking Principal-agent Model
JEL Classification: R11 O25
资源型企业跨区转移溢出效应与胁迫效应的比较测度和启示
李存芳 宋涛 张博 王文虎
摘 要：资源型企业的跨区转移是一个新兴的管理实践问题，对其可能产生的溢出效应与胁迫效应的比较分析和科学测度，是区域高质量发展战略决策的关键。基于系统工程的思想，分析了资源型企业跨区转移溢出效应与胁迫效应的形成机理，提出了“生态溢出效率”的概念与测度指标体系，运用DEA数据包络分析与非参数Malmquist指数相结合的方法，并选取中西部10省区资源型企业2007～2017年间相关数据进行实证检验。研究表明：(1)东部省区资源型企业的跨区转移既产生了溢出效应，也形成了胁迫效应。(2)生态溢出效率能够有效测度资源型企业跨区转移溢出效应与胁迫效应的比较关系。(3)生态溢出效率可以分解为纯技术生态溢出效率和规模生态溢出效率，而且纯技术生态溢出效率整体上高于规模生态溢出效率。(4)生态溢出效率偏低的主要致因，依其投入冗余程度由高到低排序为废气排放量、固体废物排放量、土地压占沉陷破坏量和废水排放量。(5)西部省区的生态溢出效率低于中部省区，但其生态溢出效率的增长率高于中部省区。研究结论可为中西部省区资源产业可持续、高质量发展的相关政策制订提供理论依据。
关键词：资源型企业 跨区转移 溢出效应 胁迫效应 比较测度
Comparative Measure and Enlightenment of the Spillover Effect and Stress Effect of Cross-regional Transfer in Resources Enterprises
Cunfang Li Tao Song Bo Zhang Wenhu Wang
Abstract: The cross-regional transfer of resources enterprises is an emerging management practice problem. The comparative analysis and scientific measurement of the spillover effect and stress effect of resources enterprises is the key to the strategic decision of regional high-quality development. Based on the idea of systems engineering, the formation mechanism of the spillover effect and stress effect of cross-regional transfer in the resources enterprises is analyzed, the concept and measurement index system of "ecological spillover efficiency" is proposed, and the combination method of DEA data envelopment analysis and non-parametric Malmquist index is applied to select the relevant data of the resources enterprises in 10 provinces in the central and western regions from 2007 to 2017 for empirical test. The results show that: (1) the cross-regional transfer of resources enterprises in eastern provinces has both spillover effect and stress effect. (2) Ecological spillover efficiency can effectively measure the comparative relationship between the spillover effect of cross-regional transfer and the stress effect of resources enterprises. (3) Ecological overflow efficiency can be decomposed into pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency, and the pure technical efficiency is generally higher than scale efficiency. (4) The main causes of low ecological overflow efficiency are exhaust emissions, solid waste emissions, land occupation subsidence damage and waste water emissions, ranked from high to low according to the degree of input redundancy. (5) The ecological overflow efficiency of western provinces is lower than that of central provinces, but the growth rate of its ecological overflow efficiency is higher than that of central provinces. The conclusion of this study can provide theoretical basis for formulating relevant policies for sustainable and high-quality development of resource industry in central and western provinces.
Key words: Resources Enterprises Cross-regional Transfer Spillover Effect Stress Effect Comparative Measure
JEL Classification: C38 D22 E22 L20