自由职业的规制与竞争政策:欧盟和中国的发展
尼尔斯·J·菲利普森 丁言强
摘 要:在欧洲,专业服务规制多年来就是重要的政治议程。本文阐述了欧洲委员会(竞争总理事会)和各个国家的竞争当局为在整个欧盟中推进解除职业规制而采用的工作方法和策略。讨论的核心是规制的公共利益论和私人利益论。本文证明,一方面,欧洲委员会看来是受到特定成员国中的发展的影响(自下而上效应),另一方面,至少在某些成员国中,近年来有自上而下效应。本文运用欧洲经验,研究中国近来的发展,尤其是律师规制。作者认为,非对称信息论在中国比在欧洲更为重要,而且,由于责任规则还不是良好规制的较好替代(或补充),在中国,规制也有更强的理由。但是,经济理论和欧洲实践说明,一般而言,规制有过度的危险。
关键词:自由职业 规制 竞争 律师
Regulation of Liberal Professions and Competition Policy: Developments in the EU and China
Niels J. Philipsen Ding Yanqiang
Abstract:The regulation of professional services has been high on the political agenda for years now in Europe. This paper points out the method of working and the strategies used by the European Commission (DG Competition) and various national competition authorities in order to promote deregulation of the professions throughout the European Union. Central in this discussion are the so-called public interest and private interest approaches to regulation. It will be shown that on the one hand the European Commission seems to have been influenced by developments in particular Member States (bottom-up effects) while on the other hand there have been top-down effects in recent years, at least in some Member States. The European experience will be used in order to study the recent developments in China, and in particular the regulation of lawyers. The author argues that the argument of information asymmetry may have more relevance in China than in Europe. In addition, the fact that liability rules may not yet be a good alternative for (or supplement to) quality regulation may also make a stronger case for regulation in China. However, economic theory and European practice have taught us that there is a general risk that regulation is disproportional.
Keywords:Liberal Professions Regulation Competition Lawyers
JEL Classification: L84; L51; K23; L43
债务融资、公司绩效与国有银行改革
高明华 蔡卫星
内容摘要:本文选择中国上市公司2001-2006年的面板数据,利用回归方法研究了中国上市公司债务融资与公司经营绩效之间的关系。研究发现:第一,中国上市公司债务融资与公司经营绩效之间呈负相关关系,这一结果与国外公司金融文献中的预测相反,中国国有银行普遍存在的预算软约束是导致这一现象的根源;第二,债务融资与公司绩效的负相关性随时间的推移在逐渐减弱,这一效应可以归结于近年来中国银行业改革增强了国有银行的独立性,加强了贷款约束。该研究的一个重要启示是,预算硬约束是债务融资发挥治理效应的一个重要前提条件,中国银行业的改革有利于硬化预算约束。
关键词:债务融资公司绩效国有银行
Debt Financing, Firm Performance and the Reform of State-owned Commercial Bank
Gao Minghua Cai Weixing
Abstract:This paper investigates the relationship between debt financing and firm performance based on panel data of listed companies from 2001 to 2006 by using regression method. The result shows that there is a negative relationship between debt financing and firm performance. This result deviates from the corporate financing literature. The reason can be attributed to the soft budget constraints of state-owned commercial bank. Meanwhile, this negative relationship is gradually weakening, we attribute this effect to the bank reform which enhances the independence of state-owned commercial bank and strengthens the credit constraints. An important inference from this research is that effective budget constraints is the prerequisite of debt governance, and the bank reform is a good way to consolidates budget constraints.
Keywords:Debt Financing; Firm Performance; State-owned Commercial Bank
JEL Classification: G21; G32; L25
企业技术创新与政府R&D补贴:一个博弈
周绍东
内容摘要:中国企业原创技术的匮乏与政府R&D补贴的强度的不断加大形成鲜明对比,通过对企业与政策制定者之间不对称信息博弈的分析,结论表明:当政策制定者拥有关于企业创新类型的真实信息时,R&D补贴的提高能有效激励企业增加自主创新投入,而当两者之间存在不对称信息,且用于自主创新的要素投入价格足够低廉时,自主创新补贴的提高将刺激企业加大模仿创新强度。
关键词:R&D补贴;自主创新;模仿创新;不对称信息;信号传递
Enterprise Technology Innovation and Government R&D Subsidy: A Game
Zhou Shaodong
Abstract: Chinese enterprises’ lack of primary techNology contradicts the increasing government R&D subsidy, and according to the analysis of asymmetry information game between enterprises and policy maker, the conclusion indicates that the increasing R&D subsidy could stimulate enterprises to enforce creative inNovation effectively when the policy maker possess the true information of the type of the enterprises, however, if they possess asymmetry information, and the factor input for creative inNovation is cheap eNough, then the increasing creative inNovation subsidy will stimulate the enterprise to enforce imitative inNovation.
Keywords:R&D subsidy; creative inNovation; imitative inNovation; asymmetry information; signaling
JEL Classification: D82; L53; O32
人力资本型员工的创业行为与产业集聚生成机制
陈柳 刘志彪
内容摘要:现有文献对产业集聚机制的理论研究,并没有对形成集聚的企业的来源进行区分,暗含的假设了这些企业都是来源于集聚区域之外的。事实上,本文发现存在这样一种产业集聚形成机制:区域内的初始企业中不断有人力资本型员工离职创业,在当地创立新的同类企业,逐步形成当地的特色产业。本文分析了这一产业集聚机制的原理和形成条件,通过对江苏金坛服装行业集聚的实地调研,从经验上对上述机制进行验证,并对更好的规范和引导这种类型的产业集聚作进一步的讨论。
关键词:员工创业 产业集聚 形成机制
The Entrepreneurial Conduct of Human-Capital Employees And the Form of Industrial Cluster
Chen Liu Liu Zhibiao
Abstract:The current paper does not differentiate the form of industrial cluster from the origin of firms, it supposes that the cluster firms come from the exterior of area. This paper finds a kind of form of industrial cluster: the human-capital employees from the original firms demise to carve out, the homothetic firms are set up, the characteristic industry is formed. This paper analyses the principle and the condition of the cluster, and gives some experiential evidence for the mechanism. More discussion about standardizing this cluster is carried at last.
Key words: employees to carve out; industrial cluster; the mechanism of form
JEL Classificaiton: D23; D83; L26
消费需求升级背景下的产业融合研究
――以电子信息产业为例
尹莉 臧旭恒
摘 要:本文从需求方的角度,重新思考了电子信息产业的融合动因及表现形式,说明以前对产业融合动因的认识如经济的全球化、政府放松管制及技术进步,归根结底都源自消费需求的升级。产业融合所导致的产业发展变化同时又对产业边界的认识及垄断与竞争的界定提出了新的问题。特别对于转型时期的中国,虽然不少企业在面临产业融合的趋势时作出了积极的应对,但政府管制的思路及对电子信息产业的调控政策还应作出相应的转变和调整。
关键词:消费需求,产业融合,产业升级
Industry Convergence on the Background of Consumption Demand Upgrade
——A Case Study of Electronic Information Industry
Yin Li Zang Xuheng
Abstract:This paper reconsiders some causation and characteristics of industry convergence in electronic information industry from demand side, explain that such previous views on the causation of industry convergence are all rooted in demand side as economic globalization, deregulation and technological advancement. Some new issues arise with the industrial developing and changing brought by industry convergence as the definition of industrial boundary, monopoly and competition. Especially for China in Times of Transition, facing with the global trend of industry convergence, lots of enterprises Participate actively, but for government, further regulatory measures and industrial policies should be changed and adjusted accordingly.
Keywords: Consumer Demand,Industry Convergence,Industrial Upgrade
JEL Classifications:L15;L25; L63
转型时期我国城乡居民居住消费收入弹性研究
吴炜峰 杨蕙馨
摘 要:居住消费与发展水平之间具有重要联系,世界经验表明居住消费与发展水平间具有倒“U”型结构。转型时期我国城乡居民居住消费快速增长,从其间我国城乡居民居住消费收入弹性的实证数据来看,我国居住消费的收入弹性是人均收入的函数;我国城乡居民消费收入弹性的模式处于居住消费与发展水平的倒“U”型结构左边的快速上升阶段。同时,改革因素构成我国城乡居住消费收入弹性变动的主要特征,特别是房改因素对城镇居民消费收入弹性的增加产生重要影响。
关键词:居住消费 经济发展收入弹性
China’s Residence Consumption and Level of Development during the Transition Period
Wu Weifeng Yang Huixin
Abstract: Residence consumption has been strongly linked to the level of development. A cross-national comparison shows that there exists an inverted "U"-type structure. We find: (1) residence consumption is a function of per capita income with China’s empirical data; (2) the pattern of China’s income elasticity of residence consumption lying in the left stage of the inverted "U"-type; and (3) the reform factors are the main force driving the income elasticity moving, in particular, the housing reform have an important impact on the increase of the income elasticity of urban residents.
Keywords: Residence Consumption Economic Development Income Elasticity
JEL Classification: E21; O18
品质升级的衡量与评价
——基于对转型时期我国耐用品的实证分析
黄宇
摘 要:品质升级是一个常见现象,认识品质升级的基础是如何衡量品质升级速度。如果直接用价格来衡量品质升级就会有所偏差,而品质恩格尔曲率则提供了一个良好的研究工具和研究视角。本文首先测算了我国各类耐用品的品质恩格尔曲率,然后,以品质恩格尔曲率为工具变量估计1998年~2006年我国各类耐用品的品质升级速度。分析结果表明,我国各类耐用品品质都有升级的特征,但是品质升级速度在不同耐用品之间存在明显的差异。
关键词:耐用消费品;品质升级;品质恩格尔曲率
The Measurement and Evaluation of Quality Growth
——the Analysis on Durable Goods in China’s Transition Period
Huang Yu
Abstract:Quality growth is a common phenomenon, and the basis of knowing it is how to measure the quality growth velocity. If taking use of price to measure quality growth directly, there will be some errors. Fortunately, the quality Engel curve gives us a useful tool and good viewpoint to estimate the quality growth. This paper calculates the quality Engel curves of many durable goods in China. Then, using quality Engel curve as an instrument variable, this paper estimates the quality growth velocities of these durable goods from 1998 to 2006. The analysis results show that most of durable goods have quality growth, but there exist some obvious differences between different durable goods’ quality growth velocities.
Keywords:durable goods;quality growth;quality Engel curve
JEL Classification:D12; O12
转型时期中国产业发展动力的SDA分析
姜涛
摘 要:自改革开放以来中国经济快速增长,高增长的同时产业结构发生了重大的变动,本文采用结构分解(SDA)方法利用投入产出表对转型期中国产业发展的动力进行研究,发现最终需求的增长是中国产业发展的最重要动力,同时,不同的最终需求明细项目对各产业有不同的拉动作用,正是这种拉动作用的不同使各产业获得了不同的发展速度并最导致了产业结构的改变。
关键词:产业发展;最终需求;居民消费;SDA
The SDA Analysis of Industrial Development in Transitional China
Jiang Tao
Abstract : Structure decomposition analysis (SDA) is employed to find the dynamics of the Chinese industries using input and output tables of china. Final demand and technology is found to provide the main force of development for the Chinese industries, and final demand is the dominant one. Final demand contains five detailed items, which is urban consumption, rural consumption, government expense, investment and inventory. A sub-item provides different influence on different industry, some is big and some is small. It is this difference that cased the evolvement of the industrial structure.
Keywords: industrial development; final demand; consumption; SDA.
JEL Classification:E17 O14