放松规制与纵向产业链上游技术创新
——基于2015年输配电价改革的研究
曹虹剑 涂博涵 姜建刚
内容提要：在“双碳”目标下，进一步深化电力体制改革有助于释放电力产业技术创新活力，建设清洁低碳、安全高效的能源体系。本文以2015年新一轮电力体制改革开展以来的主要内容——输配电价改革作为准自然实验设立双重差分模型，从纵向产业链角度探究该政策对电网上游输配电设备制造商技术创新的影响。研究发现：在输配电价改革实施之后，相对于电力产业中的其他企业，输配电设备制造商的专利授权量和研发投入分别下降了22.8%和11.4%；机制分析表明，电网上游设备制造商收入和获得政府补助下降是创新投入与产出下降的直接原因；输配电价改革还会导致合作中断效应，因此之前与电网公司合作紧密的企业会受到更显著的创新抑制作用。无条件分位数处理效应模型表明企业规模越大，输配电价改革的创新抑制作用越强。电力产业的纵向产业链错综复杂，这导致政策制定者忽略了输配电价改革可能对电网上游的输配电设备制造商技术创新造成不利影响。应通过竞争政策与创新政策的协同，强化对技术创新正外部性内部化的激励作用，实现电力产业链各个环节技术创新的协同进步。本文丰富了中国电力产业放松规制与技术创新的理论和实证研究，为能源转型背景下深化电力体制改革提供了启示。
关键词：技术创新 放松规制 电力体制改革 输配电价改革 产业政策
Electricity Deregulation and Upstream Innovation: Evidence from China’s Transmission and Distribution Pricing Reform
Hongjian Cao Bohan Tu Jiangang Jiang
Abstract: In 2015, a series of reforms in China accelerated electricity market liberalization. The transmission and distribution (T&D) pricing reform was the most crucial and significant. This study utilizes a difference-in-differences model to explore the effect of the T&D pricing reform on the innovation of T&D equipment manufacturers upstream of grid utilities. The findings show that after the reform, patent authorization and R&D investment of T&D equipment manufacturers declines by 22.8% and 11.4%, respectively. The primary reason for this is the reduction in income and government subsidies received by T&D equipment manufacturers. The reform also produced a de-synergization effect: grid utilities reduced their collaboration with upstream T&D equipment manufacturers, with companies that previously had close collaborations with grid utilities experiencing a more suppressive effect on innovation. These results imply that the deregulation of the downstream market of the grid industry may inhibit innovation by upstream enterprises.
Keywords: Deregulation Innovation Deregulation Industrial policy Electricity Market Reform
JEL Classification: O32 L52 H25
去中心化自治组织：研究述评与展望
李春利 高良谋
摘要：以区块链技术为底层技术的去中心化自治组织作为一种具有去中心化、去中介化及透明自治等特征的新型组织形态，已成为学术界和实践界关注的热点话题。本文旨在系统、全面地了解去中心化自治组织这一新型组织形态是什么、为什么产生、哪些影响因素、如何运行以及如何治理搭建研究的逻辑框架。首先，本文系统梳理去中心化自治组织概念界定、核心特征和类型归属，归纳出去中心化自治组织具有去中心化、自动化、自治化等核心特征，表现为中间型组织、混合型组织、平台型组织及元组织等多种类型属性。在此基础上，本文从生成背景、影响因素、运行构面及治理模式四个层面的文献进行了分析。分析表明：（1）在生成背景层面，去中心化自治组织的生成适应了数字经济背景下关键生产要素变迁、组织信任架构变革及破解数据垄断与确权问题的实践需求，体现了技术逻辑观、组织结构观、制度合法观及制度效率观四种理论视角。（2）在影响因素层面，去中心化自治组织成长的影响因素主要有技术影响观、制度影响观、组织使命观及个体价值观等四种研究视角（3）在运行构面层面，去中心化自治组织成长的运用构面主要包括运行机制与商业模式两个方面的研究。（4）在治理模式层面，去中心化自治组织成长的治理研究主要涉及治理维度、治理机制、治理实施及治理困境等议题。最后，本文提出了去中心化自治组织领域的未来研究方向：对于去中心化自治组织的概念内涵、理论框架、演化方向、组织绩效及其对管理的影响等问题都需进一步探讨。本文系统梳理去中心化自治组织的相关研究，对于厘清去中心化自治组织现阶段的研究脉络和图式，推动去中心化自治组织研究领域的理论探索与建构，具有重要的参考价值。
关键词：区块链 去中心化自治组织 数据要素 信任架构 加密算法 智能合约
Decentralized Autonomous Organizations: A Review and Prospects
Chunli Li Liangmou Gao
Abstract: Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs), leveraging blockchain technology as their foundational infrastructure, have emerged as a novel organizational form characterized by decentralization, disintermediation, and transparent autonomy. They have garnered significant attention as a focal topic in both academic research and practical application. This paper aims to construct a systematic and comprehensive logical framework for investigating this new organizational form, addressing what DAOs are, why they emerge, what factors influence them, how they operate, and how they are governed. Firstly, this paper systematically reviews the conceptual definitions, core characteristics, and typological classifications of DAOs. It concludes that DAOs possess core features such as decentralization, automation, and autonomy, manifesting attributes of various types including intermediary organizations, hybrid organizations, platform organizations, and meta-organizations. Building on this foundation, the paper analyzes the literature across four dimensions: emergence background, influencing factors, operational facets, and governance models. The analysis indicates: (1) Regarding the background of their emergence, the formation of DAOs addresses practical needs arising from shifts in key production factors, transformations in organizational trust architectures, and the necessity to resolve data monopolies and data rights confirmation issues within the digital economy. This emergence is explained through four theoretical perspectives: the technological logic view, the organizational structure view, the institutional legitimacy view, and the institutional efficiency view. (2) Concerning influencing factors, research on the growth of DAOs primarily encompasses four perspectives: the technological impact view, the institutional impact view, the organizational mission view, and the individual values view. (3) In terms of operational facets, the application aspects of DAOs growth mainly include research on operational mechanisms and business models. (4) Regarding governance models, governance research on DAOs growth primarily addresses topics such as governance dimensions, governance mechanisms, governance implementation, and governance dilemmas. Finally, this paper proposes future research directions within the DAOs field. Further exploration is needed concerning the conceptual connotations, theoretical frameworks, evolutionary trajectories, organizational performance of DAOs, and their implications for management theory and practice. By systematically reviewing relevant DAOs research, this paper provides significant reference value for clarifying the current research context and schema, and for promoting theoretical exploration and construction within the DAOs research domain.
Keywords: Blockchain Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) Data Factor Architecture of Trust Cryptography Algorithms Smart Contracts
JEL Classification: D23 D020 L22
产业链上下游数字化协同与产业新质生产力发展
吴昌南 李超 温星星
摘要：围绕发展新质生产力布局产业链，打造具有国际竞争力的数字产业集群是构建新发展格局、推动实现高质量发展的关键，而数字化在提升产业新质生产力方面发挥着重要作用。以2007-2024年中国A股上市公司为研究样本，分析了产业链上下游企业数字化协同对产业新质生产力发展的影响。研究发现，产业链上下游企业数字化协同能推动产业新质生产力发展。机制检验表明，产业链上下游数字化协同可以培育新型劳动者、促进上下游企业协同创新和促进产业向战略性新兴产业和未来产业方向发展，因而产业链上下游数字化协同可以推动产业新质生产力发展。调节效应分析表明，地区的高新技术产业发展越好，产业链上下游数字化协同对产业新质生产力发展的推动作用越强。异质性分析发现，在非高科技产业、市场竞争度低的产业和资本密集型产业中，产业链上下游数字化协同对产业新质生产力发展的推动作用更明显。经济后果分析表明，产业链上下游数字化协同推动了产业新质生产力发展并提高了产业效率。为此，要用综合运用各种政策工具促进产业链上下游企业数字化协同；要大力培育新型劳动者、强化产业链上下游企业协同创新、通过政策引导产业向战略性新兴产业和未来产业方向发展。
关键词：数字化协同 新质生产力 新型劳动者 协同创新 战略性新兴产业
Cross-Chain Digital Coordination and the New Quality of Industrial Productivity
Changnan Wu Chao Li Xingxing Wen
Abstract: Laying out the industrial chain around the development of new-quality productivity and developing a globally competitive digital industrial cluster is the key to building a new development pattern and promoting high-quality development. Digitalization plays a significant role in enhancing the new-quality productivity of industries. Taking Chinese A-share listed companies from 2007 to 2022 as the research sample, this paper analyzes the impact of cross-chain digital coordination on the development of new-quality productivity in the industry. The research finds that cross-chain digital coordination can promote the development of new-quality productivity in the industry. Mechanism tests show that cross-chain digital coordination can cultivate new types of workers, promote collaborative innovation among upstream and downstream enterprises, and facilitate the expansion of the industry into strategic emerging industries. Therefore, cross-chain digital coordination can promote the development of new-quality productivity in the industry. The analysis of moderating effects indicates that the higher the financial accessibility of the region, the better the higher education level and the development of high-tech industries in the region, the stronger the promoting effect of cross-chain digital coordination on the development of new-quality productivity in the industry. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that in high-tech industries, industries with high market competition, and capital-intensive industries, the promoting effect of cross-chain digital coordination on the development of new-quality productivity in the industry is more obvious. Economic consequence analysis shows that cross-chain digital coordination promotes the development of new-quality productivity in the industry and improves industrial efficiency. Therefore, various policy tools should be comprehensively utilized to promote cross-chain digital coordination. It is necessary to vigorously cultivate new types of workers, strengthen collaborative innovation among upstream and downstream enterprises, and guide the industry to expand into strategic emerging industries and future industries through policies.
Keywords: Digital Collaboration New Quality Productivity New Quality Workers Collaborative Innovation Strategic Emerging Industries
JEL Classification: L22 L25 L86
偏向性土地配置如何影响绿色创新效率？
——基于经济和环境晋升激励的视角
张迟 綦勇 白婷婷
摘要：在资源约束趋紧与环境问题日益严峻的背景下，提高绿色创新效率已成为协调经济增长与生态可持续发展的关键。然而，现有研究多关注绿色创新的规模，对于绿色创新效率维度及制度性影响的探讨仍显不足。本文选取2007-2023年中国278个地级及以上城市的面板数据，探究偏向性土地配置对绿色创新效率的影响及内在作用机制。实证结果表明，偏向性土地配置显著负向影响绿色创新效率，在一系列检验后依然稳健；偏向性土地配置通过增加能源投入与信息投入的冗余和抑制绿色创新产出，显著降低绿色创新效率。门槛模型进一步揭示，地方政府的经济晋升激励强化了上述负向效应，而环境晋升激励则会缓解甚至抵消这种影响。此外，该影响在地方竞争激烈、环境压力较低以及土地禀赋充裕的城市更显著。最后，偏向性土地配置存在负向空间溢出效应。本地偏向性土地配置会抑制邻地的绿色创新效率，且这种影响主要通过地理联系产生，而非经济联系。以上问题的回答有助于政策制定者更好地认识偏向性土地配置对绿色创新效率的影响，为推动可持续的创新驱动提供政策启示。
关键词：土地配置 绿色创新 绿色创新效率 晋升激励
How Does Biased Land Allocation Shape Green Innovation Efficiency?
— From the Perspective of Economic and Environmental Promotion Incentives
Chi Zhang Yong Qi Tingting Bai
Abstract: Against the backdrop of intensifying resource constraints and escalating environmental challenges, enhancing green innovation efficiency has become essential for reconciling economic growth with ecological sustainability. However, existing research has predominantly emphasized the scale of green innovation, while the efficiency dimension and its institutional determinants remain insufficiently explored. Using panel data for 278 prefecture-level and above cities in China from 2007 to 2023, this paper investigates the impact of biased land allocation on green innovation efficiency and its underlying mechanisms. The empirical findings indicate that biased land allocation significantly suppresses green innovation efficiency, and the results remain robust across a series of tests. Biased land allocation reduces green innovation efficiency by increasing redundancies in energy and information inputs and by constraining green innovation outputs. The threshold model further shows that economic promotion incentives amplify this negative effect, whereas environmental promotion incentives mitigate or even offset it. In addition, the adverse impact is more pronounced in cities characterized by intense local competition, low environmental pressure, and abundant land endowment. Finally, biased land allocation generates negative spatial spillovers: local distortions in land allocation reduce the green innovation efficiency of geographically adjacent cities, and such spillovers operate primarily through geographic rather than economic linkages. These findings deepen the understanding of how biased land allocation affects green innovation efficiency and provide policy implications for promoting sustainable, innovation-driven development.
Keywords: Land Allocation Green Innovation Green Innovation Efficiency Promotion Incentives
JEL Classification: O44 R52
制度型开放对制造业“四链”融合的影响研究
——双重机器学习下中国自由贸易试验区设立的准自然实验
李明阳 赖密密 吴凡
摘要：推动制度型开放是我国突破传统要素流动型开放局限、促进制造业高质量发展的关键战略选择，中国自由贸易试验区作为制度型开放的核心载体，其对制造业创新链、产业链、资金链、人才链（以下简称“四链”）融合的赋能作用与机制亟待深入探究。基于2011-2023年中国30个省市面板数据，以自贸区设立作为制度型开放的准自然实验，结合核密度分析、双重机器学习模型与空间杜宾模型，系统考察制度型开放对制造业“四链”融合的影响效应、作用机制及空间特征。研究结果显示：（1）研究期内全国制造业“四链”融合水平呈持续上升态势，但区域差异有所显现，东部地区制造业“四链”融合水平显著高于中、西、东北地区，且东部与中部地区内部省份间差异呈扩大趋势，东北与西部地区内部则呈集聚收敛特征。（2）制度型开放显著促进制造业“四链”融合，该结论在经过多种稳健性检验及内生性问题处理后依然成立。（3）机制分析表明，制度型开放通过“强链”提升全要素生产率、“补链”拓展知识宽度、“延链”提高出口产品技术复杂度三条路径间接推动制造业“四链”融合。异质性分析显示，东部地区及先行批次自贸区对制造业“四链”融合促进效应更显著；（4）分维度检验发现，制度型开放对创新链的拉动作用最强，对产业链、人才链、资金链的影响依次递减。（5）空间效应分析证实，制度型开放存在显著正向空间溢出效应，可带动邻近地区制造业“四链”协同发展。研究结论为厘清制度型开放与制造业“四链”融合的关系、制定差异化开放策略及推动区域协同发展提供思路借鉴。
关键词：制度型开放 创新链产业链资金链人才链 制造业“四链”融合 中国自由贸易试验区 双重机器学习
Research on the Impact of Institutional Opening-up on the Integration of the "Four Chains" in Manufacturing
-- A Quasi-natural Experiment Established in China's Free Trade Zone under Dual Machine Learning
Mingyang Li Mimi Lai Fan Wu
Abstract: Promoting institutional opening-up is a key strategic choice for China to break through the limitations of traditional factor flow opening-up and promote high-quality development of the manufacturing industry. As the core carrier of institutional opening-up, the enabling role and mechanism of China's pilot free trade zones in the integration of the manufacturing innovation chain, industrial chain, capital chain, and talent chain (hereinafter referred to as the "four chains") urgently need in-depth exploration. Based on the panel data of 30 provinces and municipalities in China from 2011 to 2023, taking the establishment of free trade zones as a quasi-natural experiment of institutional opening-up, and combining kernel density analysis, dual machine learning models and spatial Durbin models, this paper systematically examines the impact effect, mechanism of action and spatial characteristics of institutional opening-up on the integration of the "four chains" in the manufacturing industry. The research results show that: (1) During the research period, the integration level of the "four chains" in the national manufacturing industry has been continuously rising, but regional differences have emerged. The integration level of the "four chains" in the manufacturing industry in the eastern region is significantly higher than that in the central, western and northeastern regions. Moreover, the differences among provinces within the eastern and central regions are expanding, while within the northeastern and western regions, there are characteristics of agglomeration and convergence. (2) Institutional opening up has significantly promoted the integration of the "four chains" in manufacturing. This conclusion remains valid after various robustness tests and the handling of endogenous issues. (3) Mechanism analysis indicates that institutional opening-up indirectly promotes the integration of the "four chains" in manufacturing through three paths: strengthening the industrial chain to enhance total factor productivity, supplementing the industrial chain to expand the breadth of knowledge, and extending the industrial chain to increase the technical complexity of export products. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the eastern region and the pilot batch of free trade zones have a more significant promoting effect on the integration of the "four chains" in the manufacturing industry. (4) Multi-dimensional examination reveals that institutional opening-up has the strongest pulling effect on the innovation chain, while its impact on the industrial chain, talent chain, and capital chain decreases successively. (5) Spatial effect analysis confirms that institutional opening-up has a significant positive spatial spillover effect and can drive the coordinated development of the "four chains" of manufacturing in neighboring regions. The research conclusion provides ideas and references for clarifying the relationship between institutional opening-up and the integration of the "four chains" in manufacturing, formulating differentiated opening-up strategies, and promoting regional coordinated development.
Keywords: Institutional Openness Innovation chain, industrial chain, capital chain, talent chain Integration of the "four chains" in manufacturing Free trade pilot zone Dual machine learning
JEL Classification: F29 F41 L60
数字经济创新发展试验区助力企业供应链空间延伸：
基于统一大市场建设的视角
鞠晓颖 薄琰 姚鹏
摘要：如何发挥我国庞大数字经济规模优势对全国统一大市场战略目标的实现至关重要。本文基于国家数字经济创新发展试验区建设，考察数字经济发展对供应链跨区域布局的影响及其内在机理。研究表明，数字经济创新发展试验区的设立有助于促进企业实现供应链跨区域布局，且该效应在交通基础设施更完善、市场化程度更高地区以及非服务业企业样本中更显著。机制分析表明，数字经济创新发展试验区的设立通过缓解交易双方信息扭曲和强化市场竞争效应两条渠道，改变企业供应链传统属地化布局，促使企业产生供应链跨区域布局动机。进一步分析发现，数字经济创新发展试验区通过推动企业供应链跨区域布局，加快了产品与资金的流动速度，显著提升供应链管理效率，且并未以提高供应链集中度为代价。本文从供应链跨区域布局视角揭示了数字经济在供应链管理中的重要作用，对建设全国统一大市场具有重要的启示意义。
关键词：数字经济 供应链分布 统一大市场 信息成本
The Digital Economy Innovation and Development Pilot Zone Facilitates the Spatial Extension of Enterprise Supply Chains: From the Perspective of Building a Unified Market
XiaoYing Ju Yan Bo Peng Yao
Abstract: How to leverage the advantages of China's huge digital economy scale is crucial to the realization of the strategic goal of a unified national market. Based on the construction of national digital economy innovation and development pilot zones, this paper examines the impact of digital economy development on the cross-regional layout of supply chains and its underlying mechanisms. The research shows that the establishment of digital economy innovation and development pilot zones helps promote enterprises to achieve cross-regional supply chain layout, and this effect is more significant in regions with better transportation infrastructure and higher marketization levels, as well as in non-service industry samples. Mechanism analysis indicates that the establishment of digital economy innovation and development pilot zones changes the traditional territorial layout of enterprises' supply chains by alleviating information distortion between trading parties and strengthening market competition effects, thereby stimulating enterprises' motivation for cross-regional supply chain layout. Further analysis reveals that through promoting cross-regional supply chain layout of enterprises, digital economy innovation and development pilot zones accelerate the flow of products and funds, significantly improving supply chain management efficiency without increasing supply chain concentration. This paper reveals the important role of digital economy in supply chain management from the perspective of cross-regional supply chain layout, which has significant implications for the construction of a unified national market.
Key words: Digital Economy Supply Chain Distribution Unified Market Information Cost
JEL Classification:L14 O38 R12
工业机器人应用与国际贸易格局重塑
——基于出口产品质量的视角
林子月 黄亮雄 刘淑琳 陈笑映
摘要：在百年未有之大变局中，“机器换人”趋势在全球范围内日益增强，本文立足于发展中经济体，以出口产品质量视角，检验工业机器人应用对国际贸易格局重塑的效应。本文运用CEPII BACI六位码产品贸易数据，采用需求信息回归反推法测算全球经济体各行业的出口产品质量，继而匹配工业机器人数据，形成2002－2022年26个发展中经济体42个发达经济体14个行业的跨国四维面板数据，用以分析两类经济体在工业机器人使用程度上差距的变动如何作用于其出口产品质量的差异。经检验发现，发展中经济体与发达经济体在工业机器人使用程度上的差距缩小时，可促进二者之间的出口产品质量差异缩小，推动国际贸易格局朝着更有利于发展中经济体的方向重塑。从机制看，两类经济体在工业机器人使用程度上的差距缩小时，能够缩小二者之间的全要素生产率、配置效率以及横向纵向溢出效应的差异，从而缩小二者之间的出口产品质量差异。进一步发现，当发展中经济体追赶发达经济体的决心更强烈，表现为2012年之后、是新兴经济体，以及贸易开放度、吸引外资程度更高时，工业机器人应用推动国际贸易格局朝着更有利于发展中经济体方向重塑的效应表现得更为明显。本文为发展中经济体更好地应用工业机器人改善国际贸易格局中的不利地位，实现“弯道超车”提供理论指导与政策启示。
关键词：工业机器人应用 国际贸易格局重塑 出口产品质量 横向纵向溢出效应 需求信息回归反推法
Industrial Robot Application and Reshaping of International Trade Pattern:
From the Perspective of Export Product Quality
Ziyue Lin Liangxiong Huang Shulin Liu Xiaoying Chen
Abstract: Amidst a century-defining transformation, the trend of “replacing humans with machines” is intensifying globally. This paper examines the impact of industrial robot applications on reshaping international trade patterns from the perspective of export product quality, focusing on developing economies. Utilizing CEPII BACI six-digit product trade data, employing a demand-information regression back-calculation method to estimate export product quality across industries in global economies. This data is then matched with industrial robotics data to form a cross-country, four-dimensional panel dataset covering 26 developing economies, 42 developed economies, and 14 industries from 2002 to 2022. This dataset analyzes how shifts in the gap between the two types of economies in industrial robotics adoption influence differences in their export product quality. The findings reveal that a narrowing gap in industrial robot adoption between developing and developed economies reduces export quality disparities between them, reshaping international trade patterns in a manner more favorable to developing economies. Mechanistically, a narrowing gap in industrial robot adoption reduces disparities in total factor productivity, allocative efficiency, and horizontal/vertical spillover effects between the two economies, thereby diminishing export quality differences. Further analysis reveals that the effect of industrial robot adoption in reshaping international trade patterns to benefit developing economies becomes more pronounced when these economies demonstrate stronger determination to catch up with developed counterparts. This is particularly evident when the following conditions are met: the pursuit of catching up intensifies after 2012, the economy is an emerging market, and it exhibits higher levels of trade openness and foreign investment attraction. This study provides theoretical guidance and policy insights for developing economies to better leverage industrial robots in improving their unfavorable position in international trade and achieving leapfrog development.
Keywords: Industrial Robot Application Reshaping Pattern of International Trade Quality of Export Products Horizontal and Vertical Spillover Effects Postmortem Backstepping Method for Demand Information
JEL Classification: F14 O33