突破全国统一大市场建设的无形壁垒
——基于人口流动与供应链跨市布局的研究
马俊峰
摘 要：构建稳定的跨区域供应链体系是促进国内大循环的关键所在，也是推动全国统一大市场建设的重要内容。本文利用全国人口普查和抽样调查数据构造人口跨市流动指标，结合上市公司供应商和客户数据构建的城市对和公司—城市对层面供应链跨市布局指标，检验人口流动如何影响跨市供应链集中度。与跨国研究所持国际移民会促使目的国企业选择出发国供应商和客户的观点不同，本文研究发现人口流动会促进户籍市企业选择流入市供应商和客户、提高跨市供应链上下游集中度，表现为人口跨市流动规模、比例和占比的增加提高了户籍市企业在流入市采购金额比例和销售金额比例。机制检验表明，突破文化分割的无形壁垒是人口跨市流动推动供应链跨市布局的渠道，体现在人口跨市流动通过减少文化分割改善双边信任关系来提高跨市供应链上下游集中度。异质性分析发现，人口跨市流动对跨市供应链集中度的影响随着交易成本、交通成本和融入成本的增加而减少。进一步考察发现，行政边界壁垒的增加和商品市场分割差距的扩大会削弱人口跨市流动对供应链跨市布局的促进作用。结论表明，畅通劳动力流动渠道有助于增加供应链跨区域联系，打通国内大循环堵点，推进全国统一大市场建设。
关键词：统一大市场 人口流动 供应链布局 文化差异 行政壁垒 市场分割
National Market: A Study on Population Mobility and Cross-City Layout of Supply Chains
Junfeng Ma
Abstract: The construction of a stable cross-regional supply chain system is the key to promoting a large domestic cycle and an important element in promoting the construction of a unified national market. This paper utilizes national census and sample survey data to construct population cross-city mobility indicators, and combines city-pair and firm-city-pair level supply chain cross-city layout indicators constructed from listed firms' supplier and customer data to test how population mobility affects cross-city supply chain concentration. In contrast to cross-national studies that suggest that international migration will encourage firms in the destination country to choose suppliers and customers in the departure country, this paper finds that population mobility promotes firms in the city of domicile to choose suppliers and customers in the city of inflow, and increases the upstream and downstream concentration of cross-city supply chains, which is manifested in the fact that an increase in the scale, proportion and share of cross-city population mobility increases the proportion of purchases and sales in the city of domicile by the firms in the city of domicile. The mechanism test shows that breaking through the invisible barrier of cultural segmentation is a channel through which population cross-city mobility promotes the cross-city layout of supply chains, which is reflected in the fact that population cross-city mobility improves the upstream and downstream concentration of cross-city supply chains by reducing cultural segmentation and improving bilateral trust relationships. Heterogeneity analysis finds that the effect of cross-city population mobility on cross-city supply chain concentration decreases as transaction costs, transportation costs and integration costs increase. Further examination finds that the increase in administrative border barriers and the widening of the commodity market segmentation gap weaken the facilitating effect of cross-city population mobility on the cross-city layout of supply chains. The conclusion suggests that unclogging labor mobility channels can help increase cross-regional linkages in supply chains, open up blockages in the domestic macro-circulation, and promote the construction of a unified national market.
Keywords: Unified Market Labor Mobility Supply Chain Layout Cultural Differences Administrative Barriers Market Segmentation
JEL：J24 Z13
新企业进入能否激励在位企业技术创新“增量提质”
——基于中国工商企业大数据分析
宋建 赵小惠
摘 要：创新与竞争是“熊彼特假说”和“阿吉翁理论”的重要命题，而新企业进入是市场竞争的重要渠道，探究竞争对在位企业技术创新的影响具有重要的现实意义。本文基于上市公司数据探讨新企业进入对在位企业策略性创新与实质性创新的微观效应论证是否实现“增量提质”。研究发现，新企业进入对在位企业的策略性创新和实质性创新均产生激励作用，并在考虑样本选择偏误以及互为因果的内生性问题后验证了结果的稳健性，异质性分析表明新企业进入的激励效应在高竞争行业、国有企业、资本密集型产业以及大型企业当中更为显著，机制检验揭示了资本-技能互补效应、行业竞争调节效应和技术溢出滞后效应的影响路径。本文研究在政府进一步优化市场竞争环境、给予中小企业技术创新政策支持以及对新进入企业提供阶段保护，具有一定的政策启示。
关键词：新企业进入 技术创新 策略性创新 实质性创新
Can New Firm Entry Stimulate the "Incremental Improvement" of Incumbent Firms' Technological Innovation?
— An Analysis Based on China's Industrial and Commercial Enterprise Big Data
Jian Song Xiaohui Zhao
Abstract: Innovation and competition are central themes in both the Schumpeterian hypothesis and the Aghion theory. New firm entry is a key channel for market competition, making it highly relevant to examine how such competition affects the technological innovation of incumbent firms. Using data from publicly listed companies, this study investigates the micro-level impact of new entrants on incumbents’ strategic and substantive innovation, testing whether such entry leads to “quality improvement through incremental growth.” The findings show that new entrants stimulate both strategic and substantive innovation among incumbent firms. These results remain robust after addressing potential sample selection bias and endogeneity arising from reverse causality. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the positive incentive effects of new entrants are particularly pronounced in highly competitive industries, state-owned enterprises, capital-intensive sectors, and large firms. Mechanism analysis further identifies the roles of capital-skill complementarity, industry competition moderation, and lagged technological spillovers. The findings offer policy insights for optimizing market competition, supporting innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises, and providing transitional protection for new market entrants.
Keywords: New Firm Entry Technological Innovation Strategic Innovation Substantive Innovation
JEL: C5 L11 L13 O25
数据产权登记对象界定：现实困境、内在逻辑与实现路径
王景淘
摘 要：数据产权登记对象界定是数据产权登记制度构建的基础，但地方登记中标准不一、互认困难。如何实现数据产权登记对象界定与数据“三权分置”运行机制的对接，并厘清数据资源持有权、数据加工使用权、数据产品经营权等“数据三权”登记对象间关系，成为制约实践的现实桎梏。“数据三权”登记对象界定既要服务于数据产权登记制度的功能定位，还需与数据价值创造的动态过程相匹配。“数据三权”登记对象间存在数据处理的合法性、数据的价值性和可机读性等共性识别标准。基于数据处理节点、数据处理手段及生成数据类型等的不同，数据资源持有权登记对象为集成汇聚所得的原始数据资源，数据加工使用权登记对象为经过一定的加工整理的衍生数据资源，数据产品经营权登记对象则为应用于特定场景的经由算法处理或编程设计等深度开发形成的数据产品及经过资产化评估的数据资产。
关键词：数据产权 三权分置 登记对象 数据资源 数据产品
Definition of Registration Objects for Data Property Rights: Practical Dilemmas, Internal Logic, and Realization Pathways
Jingtao Wang
Abstract: Defining the registration objects of data property rights serves as the foundation for constructing a data property rights registration system. However, current local registration practices suffer from inconsistent standards and difficulties in mutual recognition. A critical challenge restricting practical implementation lies in how to align the definition of data property rights registration objects with the operational mechanism of the "three rights separation" of data (i.e., data resource holding rights, data processing and utilization rights, and data product management rights), while clarifying the relationships among the registration objects of these three rights. The definition of registration objects for the "three rights of data" must not only serve the functional positioning of the data property rights registration system but also be compatible with the dynamic process of data value creation. These registration objects share common identification criteria, such as the legality of data processing, the value relevance of data, and machine-readability. Based on differences in data processing nodes, processing methods, and generated data types, the registration objects for data resource holding rights are original data resources obtained through integration and aggregation; those for data processing and utilization rights are derivative data resources processed and organized through specific means; and those for data product management rights are data products developed through in-depth processing (e.g., algorithmic processing or programming design) for specific scenarios, as well as data assets evaluated for capitalization.
Keywords: Data Property Rights Three Rights Separation Registration Objects Data Resources Data Products
JEL Classification: K11 L86
交易效率的微观动力：一个文献综述
陈海盛 汪锦军 张骞
摘 要：此文择要梳理交易效率理论和制约因素，从古典、新古典、新兴古典经济理论和新国际贸易理论出发，重点评述了交易效率的三大微观动力（外生比较优势、内生比较优势、规模经济）。理论研究成果证明，尽管对交易效率微观动力进行了较为系统的梳理，但是动力机制只在一定的假定条件、特别的模型和特定参数值范围内成立。但是，交易效率改进使分工正网络效应被利用的理论，却有着广泛适用性的规律。
关键词：交易效率 微观动力 外生比较优势 内生比较优势 规模经济
Microdynamics of Transaction Efficiency: a Literature Review
Haisheng Chen Jinjun Wang Qian Zhang
Abstract: This paper provides a selective review of transaction efficiency theories and constraints, focusing on the three main microdynamics of transaction efficiency (exogenous comparative advantage, endogenous comparative advantage, and economies of scale) in the light of classical, neo-classical, and neo-classical economic theories and the new international trade theory. The theoretical findings demonstrate that, despite a more systematic compendium of the microdynamics of transactional efficiency, the dynamics hold only under certain assumptions, special models, and within a range of specific parameter values. However, the theory that improvements in transaction efficiency allow positive network effects of division of labour to be exploited has a law of broad applicability.
Keywords: Transaction Efficiency Microdynamics Exogenous Comparative Advantage Endogenous Comparative Advantage Economies of Scale
JEL Classification: D51 F15
论公平竞争地方立法的转型趋势——基于竞争政策实施的视角
冯涛 孙晋
摘 要：公平竞争地方立法同竞争政策实施关系密切，是竞争政策实施的重要方式和地方面向。公平竞争地方立法历久弥新，呈现出一定的转型趋势，具体表现为促进型规范增多、竞争政策法治化、不同程度的立法统合与整合等特征，从总体上看愈来愈向广义的竞争政策维度扩展。在转型动力方面，地方权力机关本身即具有维护市场竞争秩序的职能，近年来优化营商环境的需求及地方竞争的市场化制度性转向，促使地方立法的内在动力不断增长。在转型基础方面，公平竞争地方立法总体上是执行性的，竞争事务一定程度的地方化以及竞争法的重要条款为其转型提供了基础和依据。公平竞争地方立法的转型趋势反映了近些年来竞争政策与竞争法律的新发展，为顺应该趋势，应当以地方需求引领立法选择，以促进地方经济高质量发展为目标，努力实现内容扩展和场域拓宽，以此寻求竞争政策实施在更大范围和更深层次的共识和联合。
关键词：公平竞争 地方立法 竞争政策实施 竞争治理 区域协同立法
On the Transformative Trend of Local Legislation on Fair Competition——Based on the Perspective of Competition Policy Implementation
Tao Feng Jin Sun
Abstract：Local legislation on fair competition is closely related to the implementation of competition policy, and is an important means and local orientation for the implementation of competition policy. Local legislation on fair competition has been in place for a long time, and has shown a certain trend of transformation, which is reflected in the increase of promotional norms, the rule of law in competition policy, and different degrees of legislative integration and consolidation, and generally speaking, it is expanding towards the dimension of competition policy in a broader sense. In terms of transformation momentum, local authorities themselves have the function of maintaining the order of market competition, and in recent years, the demand for optimising the business environment and the market-oriented institutional shift of local competition have contributed to the growing momentum of local legislation. In terms of the basis for transformation, local legislation on fair competition is generally executive in nature, and a certain degree of localisation of competition affairs and important provisions of the competition law provide the basis and foundation for its transformation. The trend of transformation of local legislation on fair competition reflects the new development of competition policy and law in recent years, and in order to comply with this trend, legislative choices should be guided by local needs, with the goal of promoting high-quality development of local economies, and endeavouring to achieve the expansion of content and the broadening of the field, so as to seek a consensus and union of the implementation of competition policy on a wider scale and at a deeper level.
Keywords：Fair Competition Local Legislation Competition Policy Implementation Competition Governance Regional Cooperative Legislation
JEL Classification: E61 K2 L52
基于税收减排效率的环保税税率动态优化研究——以代表性省区为例
王敏 姜春海 李姝
摘 要：科学优化环保税，对于实现经济社会发展与环境改善具有重要意义。本文从能源供给、能源消费、能源供需平衡以及大气污染治理四个角度选取了11个代表性省区，对其与全国层面的环保税税收减排效率进行测算，并基于此建立环保税税率动态优化模型。首先采用可计算一般均衡模型，对全国层面和代表性省区进行税率调整模拟，发现边际税率拉动的工业废气减排率，即税收减排效率存在显著差异。进一步，基于该差异，结合代表性省区环保目标等因素，构建了环保税税率动态优化模型。最后，以单一省区经济失速和经济落后省区经济失速为门槛，对上述省区2021-2030年划分为“十四五”和“十五五”两个规划阶段的环保税税率进行动态优化，得到相应的税率优化区间。本文为中国环保税政策的优化完善提供了思路和方案参考。
关键词：环保税 环境规制 税收减排效率 税率动态优化
Dynamic Optimization of Environmental Protection Tax Rates Based on Tax Reduction Efficiency - A Case Study of Representative Provinces
Min Wang Chunhai Jiang Shu Li
Abstract: Scientifically optimizing the environmental protection tax is of significant importance for achieving socio-economic development and environmental improvement. This paper selects 11 representative provinces from four perspectives: energy supply, energy consumption, energy supply-demand balance, and atmospheric pollution control. It calculates the tax reduction efficiency of the environmental protection tax at both the national level and these representative provinces and establishes a dynamic optimization model for the environmental protection tax rate based on this. Firstly, a computable general equilibrium model is used to simulate tax rate adjustments at the national level and in representative provinces, revealing significant differences in the marginal tax rate driven industrial waste gas reduction rate, i.e., tax reduction efficiency. Further, based on this difference and combined with factors such as the environmental protection goals of representative provinces, a dynamic optimization model for the environmental protection tax rate is constructed. Finally, using the economic slowdown of individual provinces and the economic lag of less developed provinces as thresholds, the environmental protection tax rates for the aforementioned provinces from 2021 to 2030 are dynamically optimized for the "14th Five-Year Plan" and "15th Five-Year Plan" periods, resulting in corresponding tax rate optimization intervals. This paper provides ideas and reference schemes for the optimization and improvement of China's environmental protection tax policy.
Keywords: Environmental-Protection Tax Environmental Regulations Tax Revenue-to-Emission Reduction Efficiency Dynamic Tax Rate Optimization
JEL Classification: H23 P28 Q58
数字贸易对城市绿色创新的影响及空间溢出效应研究
季冬晓 衣艳臻 辛大楞
摘 要：数字经济时代数字贸易为推动城市绿色创新提供了新的机遇。本文基于产业结构优化效应、金融发展效应、信息化效应以及科技人才集聚效应四个视角构建理论分析框架，综合解析了数字贸易发展对城市绿色创新的影响。研究结果发现：数字贸易显著驱动了城市绿色创新。该结论在经过工具变量估计、更换城市绿色创新水平和数字贸易衡量方式以及调整样本等多种方式的稳健性检验后仍然成立。从影响机制来看，数字贸易主要通过优化产业结构、促进金融发展、提升信息化水平以及强化科技人才集聚驱动了城市绿色创新水平。异质性分析揭示，数字贸易对城市绿色创新水平的提升效应表现出区域、市场化水平、经济发展水平、人力资本、城市规模和资源水平的异质性。进一步地，采用空间杜宾模型（SDM）进行的实证检验发现，数字贸易具有显著的空间溢出效应，有效带动了周边城市的绿色创新。本研究拓展了城市绿色创新影响因素的研究视角，也为政府通过发展数字贸易来促进城市绿色创新提供了重要政策启示。
关键词：数字贸易 城市绿色创新 空间杜宾模型 空间溢出效应
Impact of digital trade on urban green innovation and spatial spillover effects: Empirical evidence from China
Dongxiao Ji Yanzhen Yi Daleng Xin
Abstract: In the era of digital economy, digital trade provides new opportunities for promoting green innovation in cities. This paper constructs a theoretical analysis framework based on four perspectives: the optimization effect of industrial structure, the effect of financial development, the effect of informatization, and the agglomeration effect of scientific and technological talents, and comprehensively analyzes the impact of digital trade development on urban green innovation. The research results reveal that digital trade has significantly driven green innovation in cities. This conclusion still holds after undergoing robustness tests through various methods such as instrumental variable estimation, changing the measurement methods of urban green innovation level and digital trade, and adjusting the sample. From the perspective of the influencing mechanism, digital trade mainly drives the green innovation level of cities by optimizing the industrial structure, promoting financial development, enhancing the level of informatization, and strengthening the aggregation of scientific and technological talents. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the enhancing effect of digital trade on the green innovation level of cities shows heterogeneity in terms of region, marketization level, economic development level, human capital, city size and resource level. Furthermore, the empirical test conducted using the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) reveals that digital trade has a significant spatial spillover effect and effectively drives green innovation in surrounding cities. This study expands the research perspective on the influencing factors of urban green innovation and provides important policy implications for the government to promote urban green innovation through the development of digital trade.
Keywords: Digital Trade Urban Green Innovation Spatial Durbin Model Spatial Spillover Effects
JEL Classification: F10 Q55