我国电商平台不公平交易行为的法律治理
王健 吴佳旎
摘要：电商平台实施的不公平交易行为逐渐成为威胁平台内中小电商企业生存和破坏市场竞争秩序的关键因素。实践中，电商平台实施的复杂多样的不公平交易行为大体上包括排除其他电商平台竞争的不公平交易行为、排除平台内中小电商企业与其竞争的不公平交易行为，以及对中小电商企业实施的其他形式的不公平交易行为。我国现有法律体系对此虽已构建了多层次的规制框架，但在不公平交易行为的概念界定、规范对象和适用机制等方面存在重叠或空白，导致法律适用混乱与执法依据不足。根据域外治理平台不公平交易行为的经验，我国应明确对涉及竞争性问题的不公平交易行为优先适用竞争法。同时，鉴于强化事前规制的数字市场竞争立法尚处于不完善阶段，建议探索设立专门的法律框架，聚焦平台公平性与透明度问题，逐步推进对电商平台不公平交易行为的有效治理。
关键词：电商平台 不公平交易行为 公平性 可竞争性 法律治理
Legal Governance of Unfair Trading Practices on China’s E-commerce Platforms
Jian Wang Jiani Wu
Abstract：Unfair trading practices committed by e-commerce platforms have gradually become a key factor threatening the survival of small and medium-sized e-commerce enterprises within the platforms and undermining the order of market competition. In practice, the complex and diverse unfair trade practices implemented by e-commerce platforms generally include unfair trade practices that exclude competition from other e-commerce platforms, unfair trade practices that exclude small and medium-sized e-commerce enterprises from competing with them on the platforms, as well as other forms of unfair trade practices implemented against small and medium-sized e-commerce enterprises. Although China’s existing legal system has constructed a multi-level regulatory framework, there are overlaps or gaps in the definition of the concept of unfair trade practices, regulatory targets and application mechanisms, leading to confusion in the application of the law and insufficient basis for law enforcement. Based on the experience of the overseas governance of unfair trade practices on platforms, China should give priority to the application of competition law to unfair trade practices involving competition issues. Meanwhile, in view of the fact that competition legislation in the digital market, which strengthens ex ante regulation, is still at an imperfect stage, it is recommended to explore the establishment of a special legal framework focusing on the fairness and transparency of platforms, so as to gradually promote the effective governance of unfair trade practices on e-commerce platforms.
Keywords：E-commerce Platforms Unfair Trading Practices Fairness Competitiveness Legal governance
JEL Classification：K21 L14 L41
纵向约束与产品质量：基于平台质量认证视角
王自力 叶裕聪
摘要：厂商借助平台认证服务能够降低产品质量成本，提高产品质量，但厂商利润最大时产品质量低于平台利润最大时的产品质量。在不同条件下，具有市场势力的平台可以分别使用两部收费、最低质量、限定交易等纵向约束合约，促使厂商提高产品质量，并有助于社会福利改善。但平台间竞争会弱化平台使用纵向约束合约能力，在给定平台认证服务水平下会导致产品质量下降。因此，当平台具有质量认证服务功能时，对平台纵向合约的竞争效果评估应该考虑其对产品质量的具体影响。
关键词：质量认证 产品质量 纵向约束 平台竞争
Vertical Restraint and Product Quality: From the Perspective of Platform Quality Certification
Zili Wang Yucong Ye
Abstract: Manufacturers can reduce product quality costs and improve product quality by leveraging the platform's quality certification services. However, the product quality when manufacturers' profits are maximized is lower than that when the platform's profits are maximized. Under different conditions, platforms with market power can respectively use vertical restraint contracts such as two-part tariffs, minimum quality requirements, and exclusive dealing arrangements to encourage manufacturers to improve product quality, which is also conducive to the improvement of social welfare. Nevertheless, competition among platforms will weaken the platforms' ability to use vertical restraint contracts, leading to a decline in product quality under a given level of platform quality certification services. Therefore, when platforms have the function of quality certification services, the evaluation of the competitive effects of platforms' vertical contracts should take into account their specific impacts on product quality.
Keywords: Quality Certification Product Quality Vertical Restraint Platform Competition
JEL Classification: L15
电商平台“唯低价”商业模式的监管困境与制度因应
孙晋 邓紫珊
摘要：“唯低价”商业模式指的是电商平台以低价作为核心竞争优势，持续并稳定实施的一系列行为。该商业模式以低价销售抢占市场后通过流量广告收入的交叉补贴的方式得以持续运行，又通过平台规则挤压平台内经营者利润空间的方式不断发展，对平台内外市场主体、消费者、市场经济健康发展均造成了损害。对此，应充分认识对该商业模式监管过程中存在的依据混乱、模式不健全以及实效有限的问题。进而完善规制“唯低价”商业模式掠夺性定价与滥用相对优势地位两条路径的实体法律依据及其衔接；细化平台常态化监管中的穿透式监管以及对平台规则的实质性审查；通过市场监管权力横向配置、救济渠道完善、引导平台承担社会责任等方式实现多元主体协同共治，回应电商平台“唯低价”商业模式的监管需求。
关键词：“唯低价”商业模式；掠夺性定价；滥用相对优势地位；常态化监管；协同共治
The Regulatory Dilemmas of the Solely Low-price Business Model of E-commerce Platforms and its System Response
Jin Sun Zishan Deng
Abstract: The solely low-price business model refers to a series of behaviors that e-commerce platforms continue to implement in a stable manner, with low prices as their core competitive advantage. This business model has continued to operate via cross - subsidization from the revenue generated by traffic-based advertisements after seizing the market through low-price sales, and has continued to develop through platform rules that squeeze the profit margins of operators within the platform, which has caused damage to market entities within and outside the platform, consumers, and the healthy development of the market economy. Regarding this, there is a need to comprehensively acknowledge the issues in the regulatory process of this business model, including regulatory basis confusion, an unsound regulatory model, and limited effectiveness. Additionally, efforts should be directed towards enhancing the substantive legal basis and the linkages between the two approaches of regulating predatory pricing and the abuse of relative dominant status within the solely low-price business model. The penetrative supervision in regular platform regulation should be refined, along with a substantive review of platform rules. Through the horizontal allocation of market supervision authority, improvement of relief channels, and guidance for platforms to assume social responsibilities, coordinated governance by multiple entities can be achieved to address the regulatory requirements of the solely low-price business model of e-commerce platforms.
Keywords: Solely Low-Price Business Model; Predatory Pricing; Abuse of Relative Dominant Status; Regular Supervision; Collaborative Governance
JEL Classification: K24 L40
平台知识产权保护洼地对创新与竞争的影响及应对
袁嘉 赵灵虎
摘要：平台知识产权保护洼地问题严重干扰了行业的创新动力和竞争格局，成为制约电商平台高质量发展的关键因素。知识产权保护的洼地效应导致部分平台因未采取保护措施而获得不当竞争优势，吸引侵权假冒商家入驻，破坏了市场竞争秩序，侵害了消费者权益。此外，平台知识产权保护的洼地效应亦削弱了平台的创新动力，影响了其创新能力。为解决此问题，应从立法角度加大对电商平台的处罚力度，进一步明确电商平台的连带责任；从执法角度关注洼地平台的知识产权保护问题，构建更为全面和规范的监管体系；从司法角度，应增强原告在个案中申请相关数据和材料的调查权力？，并适度允许举证责任倒置，以消除电商平台知识产权保护的洼地效应。通过这些措施，有望提升电商平台行业及社会整体的知识产权保护水平，激发创新活力并促进公平竞争。
关键词：电商平台 知识产权保护洼地 不正当竞争 创新能力
The Impact of Platform Intellectual Property Protection Weaknesses on Innovation and Competition and Its Countermeasures
Jia Yuan Linghu Zhao
Abstract: The problem of platform intellectual property protection depression has seriously interfered with the innovation impetus and competition pattern of the industry, and has become a key factor restricting the high-quality development of e-commerce platforms. The depression effect of intellectual property protection has led to some platforms gaining improper competitive advantages because they have not taken protective measures, attracting infringing and counterfeit merchants to settle in, destroying the market competition order and infringing on the rights and interests of consumers. In addition, the low-lying zone effect of the platform's intellectual property protection also weakens the platform's innovation impetus and affects its innovation ability. In order to solve this problem, we should increase the punishment on the e-commerce platform from the Angle of legislation, and further clarify the joint liability of the e-commerce platform; From the perspective of law enforcement, we should pay attention to the protection of intellectual property rights in low-lying areas, and build a more comprehensive and standardized supervision system. From a judicial point of view, the plaintiff should be strengthened to apply for the investigation of relevant data and materials in the case, and the burden of proof should be appropriately allowed to reverse, in order to eliminate the low-lying zone effect of intellectual property protection of e-commerce platforms. Through these measures, it is expected to improve the intellectual property protection level of the e-commerce platform industry and society as a whole, stimulate innovation vitality and promote fair competition.
Keywords: E-commerce Platform Intellectual Property Protection Weaknesses Unfair Competition Innovation Ability
JEL Classification：K21
公共数据流通何以促进产城融合？——基于公共数据开放平台的准自然实验
蒋琪 周振超 王鑫涛
摘要：城市的发展问题应处理好聚集经济与治理成本的辩证关系。作为推动公共数据汇聚利用的重要环节，公共数据流通统筹起数字经济与数字城市的发展目标，为一体化推动产城深度融合提供关键要素。以各地级市建立公共数据开放平台作为考察公共数据流通的准自然实验契机，本文利用多期双重差分法证实了公共数据流通能够驱动产城融合。这一关系通过促进产业结构高级化、提升要素配置效率和提高公共服务水平为路径产生作用。异质性分析发现，受数据衍生性、规模经济和治理难易等因素影响，公共数据流通对产城融合的促进作用在规模更大的城市中更加显著。继续深化公共数据流通成为经济社会实现数字化转型的必然趋势。基于上述结论，提出如下政策建议：应以深化公共数据流通为契机，加快构建促进数字经济发展的体制机制，培育驱动产城融合的新质生产力，以实现整体智治为目标提升城市公共服务能力。
关键词：公共数据 要素流通 产城融合 产业结构高级化
How can Public Data Circulation Promote City-Industry Integration?
——Quasi-Natural Experiment Based on Public Data Open Platforms
Qi Jiang Zhenchao Zhou Xintao Wang
Abstract：The development of cities should handle the dialectical relationship between agglomeration economy and governance costs. As an important link in promoting the aggregation and utilization of public data, the circulation of public data coordinates the development goals of the digital economy and digital cities, providing key elements for promoting the deep integration of industry and city through integration. Taking the establishment of public data open platforms in various prefecture level cities as a quasi-natural experimental opportunity to examine the circulation of public data, this article uses the multi period double difference method to confirm that public data circulation can drive the integration of industry and city. This relationship works through promoting the upgrading of industrial structure, improving the efficiency of factor allocation, and enhancing the level of public services. Heterogeneity analysis found that the promotion effect of public data circulation on industry city integration is more significant in larger cities, influenced by factors such as data derivation, economies of scale, and governance difficulties. Continuing to deepen the circulation of public data has become an inevitable trend for the digital transformation of the economy and society. Based on the above conclusions, this article proposes the following policy recommendations: we should accelerate the construction of institutional mechanisms to promote the development of the digital economy, cultivate new quality productive forces that drive the integration of industry and city, and enhance urban public service capabilities with the goal of achieving overall intelligent governance.
Keywords：Public Data Element Circulation Industry City Integration Advanced Industrial Structure
JEL Classification：E23 O24
制度型开放与高端要素集聚
孙鹏 吴艳芳
摘要：推动制度型开放是我国应对不利国际形势的重要战略抉择，自由贸易试验区建设以对外开放为引领，以制度创新为核心，是制度型开放的重要载体。新时期自贸试验区制度型开放如何通过市场机制调节推动高端要素集聚值得深入探讨。基于2009-2021年面板数据，以自贸试验区建设作为中国制度型开放的一项准自然实验，运用双重差分法系统考察了制度型开放对高端要素集聚的影响机理与调节效应。研究发现，自贸试验区制度型开放显著推动了人才、资本、技术和数据要素的集聚。该结论在经过一系列稳健性检验后仍然成立。异质性分析结果表明，沿海自贸试验区、以深化改革和对外开放为功能定位自贸试验区的高端要素集聚效应更加明显。调节效应分析发现，市场环境中市场负担、市场扭曲、市场潜能、市场活力等方面的改善能够正向调节自贸试验区制度型开放的高端要素集聚效应。进一步将自由贸易港作为单独制度型开放的载体研究发现，相较于其他自贸试验区当前海南自贸港建设能进一步推动资本要素的集聚，但技术要素集聚效应尚未显现。本文研究为厘清自贸试验区制度型开放与高端要素集聚的关系、推进更高层次、更高水平的对外开放和参与全球经济治理体系改革提供思路借鉴。
关键词：制度型开放 自贸试验区 高端要素集聚 市场环境 自由贸易港
Institutional Openness and Agglomeration of High-End Factors
Peng Sun Yanfang Wu
Abstract: Promoting institutional openness is an important strategic choice for China, which aims at coping with the unfavorable international situation. Guiding by openness and with institutional innovation as its core, the construction of Pilot Free Trade Zones(PFTZs) becomes an important carrier of institutional openness. In the new era, how does institutional openness of PFTZs promote the agglomeration of high-end factors through market mechanisms is worthy of in-depth discussion. Taking the construction of PFTZs as a quasi-natural experiment of China's institutional openness, this paper systematically investigates the influence mechanism and moderating effect of institutional openness on the agglomeration of high-end factors. It is empirically tested by panel data of province-level data in China from 2009 to 2021,using econometric methods such as multi-period difference-in-differences (DID). It is found that the institutional openness of PFTZs has significantly promoted the agglomeration of talent elements, capital elements,technical elements and data elements. This conclusion still holds true after a series of robustness tests. The results of heterogeneity analysis show that the agglomeration effect of high-end factors in the coastal PFTZs and the PFTZs with the function of deepening reform and opening-up is more obvious. The analysis of the moderating effect shows that the improvement of market environment in terms of market burden, market distortion, market potential and market vitality can positively adjust the agglomeration effect of high-end factors in the institutional openness of PFTZs. Further research finds that, as a carrier of independent institutional openness, the construction of Hainan Free Trade Port has a more significant effect on promoting the agglomeration of capital elements. This paper provides a reference for clarifying the relationship between institutional openness and high-end elements agglomeration of PFTZs, promoting a higher level of opening-up and participating in the reform of global economic governance system.
Keywords: Institutional Openness Pilot Free Trade Zone High-end Elements Agglomeration Market Environment Free Trade Port
JEL Classification: F29 F41 O24
我国破产重整“抢救”型税制探讨——构建机理、基本内容及其路径
柳雪梅
摘要:我国现行企业税制与重整制度之间存在着明显的不协调问题，这在很大程度上制约了重整制度的有效实施，要从根本上解决这一问题需要构建一套与之相适应的破产“抢救”型税制。破产重整“抢救”型税制是相对于正常经营状态下企业税制而言，为保障重整制度的有效实施而对处于破产重整阶段的企业施行的一种特殊税制，其基本特点是国家征税权的适度限缩，各项审批程序更加简便，税院之间的密切协调与配合。构建我国破产重整“抢救”型税制既有来自于重整实践的客观需求，也有其自身的内在逻辑，更有域外国家（地区）的立法先例。其基本内容，一是要针对重整不同阶段建立相应的特殊税收处理制度（包括涉税债权的让步制度和涉税债务的优惠制度），二是应对各项特殊税收处理设置更加简便的审批程序。涉税债权让步制度的构建应主要通过对现行税收征管法律、法规的修改和完善来实现，而涉税债务优惠制度则应通过拓展和完善现行有关改制重组的税收优惠政策来实现，并同时规定相应的特别审批制度。此外，构建破产重整税制还应处理好其与现行企业税制、反避税及纳税信用修复的关系。
关键词：破产重整 税制 税收债权让步 税收优惠
On the 'Rescue' Tax System for Bankruptcy Reorganization in China:
Construction Mechanism, Core Content, and Implementation Path
Xuemei Liu
Abstract: There is a significant lack of coordination between China's current enterprise tax system and the restructuring system, which largely restricts the effective implementation of the reorganization system. The fundamental solution to this problem is to establish a bankruptcy "rescue" tax system that is compatible with it. The "rescue" tax system for bankruptcy reorganization is a special tax system implemented for enterprises in the bankruptcy reorganization stage to ensure the effective implementation of the reorganization system, and its basic characteristics are moderate limitation of the state's taxation power, simpler approval procedures, and close coordination and cooperation between tax authorities and courts. The construction of a "rescue" tax system for bankruptcy reorganization in China is not only based on the objective needs of reorganization practice, but also has its own internal logic, as well as legislative precedents from foreign countries (regions). The basic content is to establish corresponding special tax treatment systems for different stages of restructuring (including concession systems for tax related debts and preferential systems for tax related debts), and to set up simpler approval procedures for various special tax treatments. The construction of the tax related debt concession system should mainly be achieved through the modification and improvement of current tax collection and management laws and regulations, while the tax related debt preferential system should be achieved through the expansion and improvement of current tax preferential policies related to restructuring and reorganization, and at the same time, corresponding special approval systems should be stipulated. In addition, building a bankruptcy reorganization tax system should also handle the relationship with the existing corporate tax system, anti tax avoidance, and tax credit repair.
Keywords: Bankruptcy Reorganization Tax System Tax Claim Concession Tax Incentives
JEL Classification： G33 G38