航班共享、消费者福利与合谋——来自中国热门直达航线的理论和实证研究
林平 孙颖 韩超
摘 要：航空公司的航班代码共享协议可协调企业的商业信息交流，促进合谋，从而抬高价格，降低消费者福利。代码共享是几家航空公司之间达成的协议，一家承运方航空公司（代码共享实际承运者）允许其他营销方航空公司（其代码共享合作者）销售其运营的航班座位。本文使用国内十大热门直达航线2017年12至2018年1月的机票价格数据，通过实证分析发现航空公司签订的代码共享协议与机票价格水平之间存在着积极而显著的正相关性,即代码共享抬高了价格，降低了消费者福利。签订代码共享协议的各航空公司提高了他们合作的直飞航线上所有航班（包括非代码共享航班）的价格。此外，签订代码共享协议的营销方或者承运方航空公司价格高于其他未达成代码共享协议的航空公司的机票价格高，具有垂直关系的代码共享营销方高于其协议中的承运方航班价格。其原因可能为航空公司通过代码共享协调定价策略而抬高价格。本文的研究建议反垄断执法机构制定针对国内直达航线航班代码共享行为的管理办法，加强国内直达航线代码共享的审批，规范各航空公司的代码共享航班服务细则，明确各方责任。
关键词：代码共享 合谋 市场竞争 反垄断
Code Sharing, Anti-Competitive Effect and Collusion——A Theoretical and Empirical Study on Non-stop Flights from China's Popular Routes
Ping Lin Ying Sun Chao Han
Abstract: Airlines’ code-sharing agreements promote the companies' business information exchange and collusion which are prone to raise fares and reduce consumer surplus. Code sharing is an agreement between several airlines, that is, an operating airline (the code-sharing carrier) allows other marketing carriers (its code-sharing partners) to sell their operated flight seats. This paper adopts fare data of the top ten popular non-stop routes in China in a range from December 12, 2017 to January 16, 2018. It is found that there is a positive and significant positive correlation between the code sharing agreement signed by the airlines and the fares. The result shows that price increase and consumer welfare decrease is the result of airlines’ code-sharing contracts. Airlines of code-sharing agreements have increased the prices of all their flights (including non-code-sharing flights) on their cooperative non-stop itinerary. In addition, the code-sharing price of a marketing or an operating carrier is higher than that of other airlines that have not reached a code-sharing agreement, and the code-sharing price of a marketing carrier with a vertical relationship is higher than the price of the operating carrier in the agreement. The reason may be that airlines raise prices through code-sharing by coordinating pricing strategies. The research in this paper conclude that anti-trust enforcement agencies formulate regulations for code sharing of domestic non-stop itinerary, and standardize the service rules of carriers’ code-sharing flights, and clarify the responsibilities of all parties.
Keywords: Code sharing Collusion Competition Anti-trust
JEL Classification: L42 L44
中国特色流通理论研究回顾
谢莉娟 张鹏宇
摘 要：马克思主义流通理论是中国特色社会主义政治经济学理论的重要分支。新中国成立以来，从破除计划经济体制下的“无流通论”开始，围绕流通过程及其客观规律、流通在经济中的作用和地位、流通领域劳动性质和费用补偿等问题，形成了一批重要理论成果。然而从20世纪末开始，马克思主义的流通理论研究一度面临被边缘化的趋势，“流通特殊”至今未得到完整阐释。从新发展格局下建设现代流通体系的现实任务出发，鉴于当前流通理论创新已明显滞后于流通实践的发展，当务之急是要从再回顾其研究脉络开始，及时梳理历史成果并反思问题所在，为推动中国特色流通理论发展提供启示。
关键词：中国特色社会主义政治经济学 马克思主义流通理论
A Review of the Circulation Theory of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics
Lijuan Xie Pengyu Zhang
Abstract: In the study of political economy theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the study of Marxist circulation theory study is an important branch. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, from the break "circulation theory" under the planned economic system, the study surrounded socialist circulation process and its objective laws, the role and position of circulation in socialist economy, the nature of labor and expenses compensation in area of circulation and so forth, and formed rich theoretical achievements. However, since the end of the 20th century, Marxist circulation theory study once faced with marginalization trend, the socialist circulation particularity has not been fully explained. In terms of the construction task of modern circulation system under the new development paradigm, given the current circulation theory innovation has obviously lag behind the development of the socialist circulation practice, it is imperative to starting to review the research context, combing historical achievements and reflecting the problem in time, and providing enlightenment to promote the development of circulation theory with Chinese characteristics.
Keywords: Political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics Marxist circulation theory
JEL Classification： B24 M21
海外人才回流对中国城市创新的影响研究——基于中国256个地级市的分析
方慧 周晓宇
摘 要：为探究海外人才回流的经济效应，以人才的跨国流动为切入视角，在进行理论分析的基础上，构建海归综合引力权数，使用中国256个地级市2008-2019年的面板数据，从城市层面实证研究了以归国留学生为代表的海外人才回流对中国城市创新水平的影响。结果显示，海外人才回流对所在城市创新能力的提升具有显著的促进作用，这一结论在经过内生性处理以及变量指标的替换后依然成立。进一步检验发现，海外人才回流的创新效应体现在创新质量的优化，其对城市高技术含量创新的促进作用更强；海外人才回流对于不同发展水平的城市创新的促进效果不同，对于发展水平相对较低的非中心城市而言更为显著；海外人才回流对城市创新的促进作用存在区域异质性。机制检验表明，海外人才回流可通过促进企业融资及吸引外商直接投资提升城市创新水平。基于上述研究结论并结合当前实际背景，提出针对性政策建议。
关键词：海外人才回流 人力资本 城市创新
Research on the impact of overseas talent return on urban innovation in China
Hui Fang Xiaoyu Zhou
Abstract: In order to explore the economic effect of the return of overseas talents, from the perspective of the transnational flow of talents, on the basis of theoretical analysis, this paper constructs the comprehensive gravity weight of overseas returnees, and empirically studies the impact of the return of overseas talents represented by returned students on the innovation level of Chinese cities from the urban level by using the panel data of 256 prefecture level cities in China from 2008 to 2019. The results show that the return of overseas talents can significantly promote the improvement of the innovation ability of the city. This conclusion is still true after endogenous treatment and the replacement of variable indicators. Further examination shows that the innovation effect of overseas talent return is reflected in the optimization of innovation quality, which plays a stronger role in promoting urban high-tech innovation; Overseas talent return has different promotion effects on innovation in cities with different development levels, especially in non central cities with relatively low development levels; There is regional heterogeneity in the role of overseas talent return in promoting urban innovation. The mechanism test shows that the return of overseas talents can improve the level of urban innovation by promoting enterprise financing and attracting foreign direct investment. Based on the above research conclusions and combined with the current actual background, this paper puts forward targeted policy suggestions.
Key words: Overseas Talent return Human Capital Urban Innovation
JEL Classification: R11 R23
技术授权能否缩小技术水平的差距
宋晖 王俊
摘 要：随着对外开放步伐加快，以及资本积累及技术进步，中国逐步在多个领域开展了与发达国家的合作。一些国内厂商遭遇了外国高技术厂商的歧视性技术授权。本文使用Gabszewicz和Thisse (1979)的垂直差异化模型分析第三方高技术厂商的歧视性技术授权行为。本文首先研究技术不可拆分且不允许差别定价的情形。研究发现高低技术厂商质量差异足够大时，第三方授权方会选择只授权高技术厂商；而第三方授权方几乎永远不可能只授权低技术厂商。因此低技术厂商永远不可能通过技术授权缩小与高技术厂商的差距。当技术可拆分时且允许差别定价时，第三方授权方将所有技术都授权给两厂商。高技术厂商面临的授权费更高。模拟结果发现只授权低技术厂商使得消费者剩余最大化。
关键词：垂直差异化 技术授权 特许权收费
Can Licensing Reduce Technological Gap between Firms
Hui Song Jun Wang
Abstract: Following the speed-up of reform and opening-up, capital accumulation and technological progress, China is now cooperating with many developed countries in many areas. Some domestic firms have encountered discriminatory technological licensing from foreign high-tech firms. The present paper uses the vertical-differentiation model from Gabszewicz and Thisse (1979) to analyze the discriminatory technological licensing of a third-party high-tech licensor. We first study the case where technology is not separatable and price discrimination is not allowed. Results show that when the gap in product quality is sufficiently large, the third-party licensor chooses to accredit only the high-tech firm. The low-tech firm can almost never be accredited alone. Therefore, the low-tech firm can almost never reduce the distance from the high-tech firm by third-party technological licensing. When the technology is separable and price discrimination is allowed, the high-tech licensor accredits full technology to both firms with a higher charge to the high-tech firm. Simulations show that accrediting the low-tech firm alone leads to highest consumer surplus.
Keywords: Vertical differentiation Technology licensing Royalties
JEL Classification: D43 L13
人力资本结构高级化对服务业结构升级的影响——基于政府和市场的双轮驱动
逯进 乔昕凯 张晓峒
摘 要：基于2008-2018年中国省域面板数据，引入带有伴随变量的有限混合模型，在对服务业结构升级模式进行客观分类的基础上，讨论了人力资本结构高级化影响服务业结构升级的异质性特征。主要结论为：（1）中国人力资本结构高级化明显推动了服务业结构升级，而这种推动作用主要是通过收入需求效应、劳动效率提升效应以及技术创新效应等机制实现的。（2）人力资本结构高级化对服务业结构升级的异质性影响有两种客观模式，模式一中人力资本结构高级化对服务业结构升级的作用不显著，而模式二中人力资本结构高级化对服务业结构升级产生显著正向促进作用。（3）考虑政府和市场的作用后可以发现，政府规模的扩大和市场化水平的提高均不会显著影响人力资本结构高级化对服务业结构升级的促进作用。（4）考察期内有8个省份由模式一转为模式二，而政府和市场的协同作用是模式转换的决定性因素。
关键词：服务业结构升级 人力资本结构 政府规模 市场化
The Impact of the Upgrading of Human Capital Structure on the Upgrading of Service Industry Structure——A Two Wheel Drive Based on Government and Market
Jin Lu Xinkai Qiao Xiaotong Zhang
Abstract: Based on the provincial panel data of China from 2008 to 2018, the finite mixture model with accompanying variables is introduced. Based on the objective classification of the structural upgrading mode of service industry, the heterogeneity characteristics of the impact of the upgrading of human capital structure on the structural upgrading of service industry are discussed. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the upgrading of China's human capital structure has significantly promoted the upgrading of service industry structure, which is mainly realized through mechanisms such as income demand effect, labor efficiency improvement effect and technological innovation effect. (2) There are two objective models for the heterogeneous impact of the upgrading of service industry structure by the upgrading of human capital structure. In model 1, the upgrading of human capital structure has no significant effect on the upgrading of service industry structure, while in model 2, the upgrading of human capital structure has a significant positive effect on the upgrading of service industry structure. (3) Considering the role of government and market, we can find that the excessive expansion of government scale will significantly inhibit the promotion of the upgrading of human capital structure on the upgrading of service industry structure, but the improvement of market-oriented level has no significant effect. (4) During the investigation period, 8 provinces have undergone mode transformation, and the synergy between the government and the market is the decisive factor of mode transformation.
Keywords: Service Industry Structure Upgrading Human Capital Structure Government Scale Marketization
JEL Classification: O15 L88
英国输配电业务RIIO规制模式研究：基本框架、运行绩效与持续优化
李宏舟 朱丽君
摘 要：产出导向型RIIO规制模式的核心是根据利益相关者的意见设定电网企业输配电业务的产出类型和相应的激励约束机制，以此对电网企业的行为和收入进行监管。英国在实施RIIO-1规制期间出现了电网企业产出绩效明显高于监管机构设定的标准、实际支出普遍低于准许支出、电网企业股东收益率偏高等问题。为此英国监管机构提出了在RIIO-2规制期间完善总成本支出激励机制、调整产出激励机制、调整风险应对机制等具体措施。本文同时认为我国现行输配电成本监审和准许收入设定中缺乏有效破解信息不对称的机制设计、缺乏基于绩效导向的激励约束机制，因此结合激励性规制理论和英国的监管实践，提出了通过模拟市场竞争优化定价机制和以系统观念协同推进输配电监管制度改革的建议。
关键词：RIIO 产出导向型规制框架 准许成本 合理收益
Research On RIIO Regulation Model Of UK’s Power Transmission And Distribution Industry: Basic Framework, Operational Performance And Continuous Optimization
Hongzhou Li Lijun Zhu
Abstract: The core of the output-oriented RIIO regulatory model is to determine the output type of the transmission and distribution business of the grid enterprise and the corresponding incentive and restraining mechanism according to the opinions of stakeholders, so as to supervise the behavior and income of the grid enterprise. During the implementation of the first round of RIIO (RIIO-1) regulatory framework in the United Kingdom, the output performance of power grid enterprises is significantly higher than the standard set by the regulator, the actual expenditure is generally lower than the permitted expenditure, and the shareholder yield of the grid enterprise is high. For this reason, the regulatory authority in UK has proposed specific measures such as improving the total cost expenditure incentive mechanism, adjusting the output incentive mechanism, and adjusting the risk response mechanism during the second round of RIIO (RIIO-2) regulatory framework. At the same time, this paper holds that the current transmission and distribution cost supervision and permitted income setting in China lack of effective mechanism design to crack information asymmetry, performance-oriented incentive and restraining mechanism is absent, too. This paper finally combined with incentive regulation theory and British regulatory practice, put forward the proposal to optimize the pricing mechanism through simulated market competition and promote the reform of the transmission and distribution regulatory system with system concepts.
Keywords: RIIO Output-oriented Regulatory framework Allowed Cost Rational Return
JEL Classification: L50 L51 L52
融资约束、企业成长能力与中小金融机构包容性
于文领 张力派 张良
摘 要：基于“适应性造就复杂性”的正反馈演化的规律，中小企业的可持续发展和稳固成长，不仅需要“打铁还需自身硬”的内部持续成长能力，而且要时刻调整经营策略以适应外界经济环境变化。本文立足梳理民营中小企业融资难题，以财务内部可持续增长能力的优化和以城乡商业银行为代表的中小金融机构包容性合作的两个视角进行研究，共收集整理4617个微观数据样本用以构建计量模型。研究发现，民营中小板和创业板上市公司的可持续增长率和实际增长率普遍不匹配，经营现金流难以满足实际发展和扩张需求；样本企业普遍存在融资约束，且均以内源融资为主，存在资产错配；企业经营现金流与中小金融机构包容性呈“互补”的反比关系，若以城乡商业银行等中小金融机构的杠杆在其中发挥作用，这可以有效缓解企业经营现金流、投资支出、现金持有等财务压力。因此，中小金融机构通过发挥“软”信息优势，多维度帮扶和解决民营中小制造业企业的内外部协同优化融资问题，才能更好地为其融资“松绑”，优化资源配置，增强微观主体的经济活力，助推中国经济高质量发展。
关键词：可持续增长率 融资约束 成长能力 中小金融机构包容性
Financing Constraints, Enterprise Growth Capability and Inclusiveness of Small Financial Institutions
Wenling Yu Lipai Zhang Liang Zhang
Abstract: The positive feedback evolution of "adaptability creates complexity" proves that the steady growth of small and medium-sized enterprises requires not only the rationalization of the internal structure of "strengthening the iron but also its own strength", but also constantly adjusting its business strategies to adapt to changes in the external economic environment. Based on sorting out the financing problems of private small and medium-sized enterprises, this paper conducts research from two perspectives of the optimization of internal financial sustainable growth capacity and the mutual beneficial cooperation of small and medium-sized financial institutions represented by urban and rural commercial banks. Econometric model. The study found that the sustainable growth rate and actual growth rate of private SME board and GEM listed companies generally do not match, and operating cash flow is difficult to meet the actual development and expansion needs; sample companies generally have financing constraints, and they are mainly internal financing. There is asset mismatch; while the corporate operating cash flow and the participation of small and medium-sized financial institutions are in an inverse relationship of “complementary”, if the leverage of small and medium-sized financial institutions such as urban and rural commercial banks plays a role in it, it can effectively alleviate the operating cash flow and investment of enterprises. Financial stress such as spending and cash holdings. Therefore, small and medium-sized financial institutions can better "untie" their financing, optimize the allocation of corporate resources, and enhance micro The economic vitality of the main body promotes the high-quality development of China's economy.
Keywords: Sustainable Growth Rate Financing Constraints Growth Capability Inclusiveness of Small and Medium Financial Institutions
JEL Classification: G32 L60