“计划报废”策略与消费者效用
刘鸿燕 陈林
摘 要:产品创新作为企业争夺消费市场的“利器”,即使多为“轻创新”,仍被广泛应用于市场竞争中,企业乐此不疲地缩短时间间隔、快速推出新一代产品。计划报废是一种企业策略性行为,它使知名品牌手机不能更换电池,使同一品牌单反相机的电池型号“日新月异”,进而使耐用消费品的更替更频繁。这种近乎“霸王条款”的计划报废策略性行为导致的产品生命周期缩短对消费者和社会有利也有弊。为此,本文通过构建理论模型,探讨了不同市场结构下企业的计划报废策略及其消费者效用。结果显示:当消费者对耐用消费品价格变动较敏感时,企业通过计划报废策略使得消费者购买新产品,放弃使用老产品,缩短了老产品的生命周期,但是在不同敏感水平和不同市场结构下,企业采用的计划报废策略工具不一致。对于消费者来说,老产品生命周期等于技术发展到新产品足以替代老产品的时间间隔时,消费者获得老产品最高效用,新产品的推出有利于提升消费者总效用。据此,政府为保护消费者利益,需要关注新产品推出速度、反映产品质量的属性设计,鼓励企业寻求更有利于提升消费者效用、社会福利的策略,例如以旧换新、再造耐用品等,既可以拓展消费者对耐用品的新需求,又可以减缓越来越严重的电子产品垃圾问题。
关键词:计划报废 策略性行为 耐用消费品 产品生命周期
Planned Obsolescence Strategy and Consumer Utility
Hongyan Liu Lin Chen
Abstract: As a tool for enterprises competition in consumer market, product innovation is widely used, even if it is mostly “light innovation”. Enterprises are willing to shorten the time interval and quickly launch a new generation of products. Planned obsolescence is a kind of corporate strategic behavior, which makes the famous brand mobile phones unable to replace the battery, and the battery model of the same brand SLR camera is change frequently, so that the replacement of durable consumer goods is more frequent. This almost mandatory requirement leads to a shortened product life cycle that benefits both consumers and society. This paper explores the planned obsolescence strategies and consumer utility of enterprises under different market structures by constructing theoretical models. The results show that when consumers are more sensitive to the changes of durable consumer goods’ price, companies plan to scrap new strategies, make consumers buy new products, abandon the use of old products, shorten the life cycle of old products, but under different sensitive levels and different market structures, planned obsolescence strategy tools adopted by the company are inconsistent. For consumers, when the life cycle of an old product is equal to the time interval between the development of technology and the replacement of old products with new products, Consumers get the greatest utility of old products, and the introduction of new products is conducive to improving the total utility of consumers. Accordingly, in order to protect the interests of consumers, government needs to pay attention to the speed of new product launches and the design of attributes that reflect product quality, and encourage enterprises to seek strategies that are more conducive to improving consumer utility and social welfare, such as trade-in and reconstruction durable goods, it can be Expanding consumer demand for durable goods, can slow down the growing problem of electronic product waste.
Keywords: Plan Obsolescence Strategic Behavior Durable Consumer Goods Product Life Cycle
JEL Classification: L1 L15
环境规制引致减排中的资源重置效应:潜在意义、研究进展与展望
韩 超 王 震
摘 要:伴随中国高速的经济增长,环境污染问题愈发严峻,中国陆续出台并实施了系列环境规制政策。在环境规制政策工具的作用效果下,环境污染问题得到明显改善。但是随着规制治理的深入,科学的规制决策与实施对于规制效果的影响愈发重要,而微观的资源重置效应是环境规制内在作用机制的基础,同时也是困扰环境规制实施中的关键问题。本文从环境规制实施中揭示资源重置效应的潜在理论与现实意义、相关研究进展以及未来可能的研究方向等方面进行了概括性梳理与总结。本文认为,资源重置效应的揭示有利于探究排放变动的驱动因素,有利于识别环境规制实施中的政策偏向性,有利于更全面且深入的了解环境规制影响的作用机制,为此可以更完善、更科学的进行环境规制政策制定与实施。
关键词:环境规制 资源重置 政策偏向 综述
Resource Reallocation Effect in Emission Reduction Induced by Environmental Regulation: Potential Significance, Research Progress and Prospects
Chao Han Zhen Wang
Abstract:With China's rapid economic growth, the environmental pollution issue has become more and more serious. China has successively introduced and implemented a series of environmental regulation policies. Under the effect of the environmental regulation policy tools, the environmental pollution issue has been significantly improved. However, with the deepening of regulatory governance, the impact of scientific regulatory decision-making and implementation on the effectiveness of regulation is becoming more and more important, and the micro- resource- reallocation effect is the basic of the internal mechanism of environmental regulation, and it is also a key issue in the implementation of environmental regulation. This paper summarizes the potential theoretical and practical significance of resource reallocation effects, related research progress and possible future research directions from the implementation of environmental regulation. This paper believes that the revealing effect of resource reallocation is conducive to exploring the driving factors of emission changes, helping to identify the policy bias in the implementation of environmental regulations, and is more conducive to a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the mechanism of environmental regulation impact. In the end, the formulation and implementation of environmental regulation policies can be carried out more comprehensively and scientifically.
Keywords:Environmental Regulation Resource Reallocation Policy Bias Survey
JEL Classification: L52 D21 Q58
钢铁行业产能过剩测度及影响因素分析
——基于中国30个省的经验验证
董长瑞 朱艳云 刘建旭
摘 要:钢铁行业是经济发展的支柱型产业,在工业化进程中发挥着至关重要的作用。然而由于产能过剩等因素的影响,钢铁行业的发展正面临巨大的挑战。本文基于2008~2015年全国除西藏以外的30个省(市)钢铁行业的生产数据,利用随机前沿分析法测度不同省份钢铁产业的产能过剩指数,并借助协整回归等方法分析了该行业产能过剩的影响因素。研究结果显示:江苏、山东、广东、上海和北京等地区的产能过剩较为严重;政府财政补贴对该行业产能过剩具有显著的正向影响,而钢铁价格、市场需求和行业技术水平等与行业产能过剩之间呈现负相关关系。在分析影响钢铁行业产能过剩的主要因素基础上,提出了增强员工创新能力、提升企业科技水平以及合理控制钢铁行业补贴等政策建议。
关键词:钢铁行业 产能过剩 随机前沿分析 面板回归模型
Analysis of Over-Capacity Measurements and Influencing Factors in Steel Industry
——Based on the Experimental Validation of 30 Provinces in China
Changrui Dong Yanyun Zhu Jianxu Liu
Abstract: The steel industry is essential for economic development and plays a vital role in the industrialization process. Nevertheless, the issue of over-capacity still limits the development of the steel industry. Based on the production data of the steel industry in 30 provinces (municipalities) except Tibet from 2008 to 2015, the stochastic frontier analysis method has been adopted to measure the overcapacity index of the steel industry in different provinces. Meanwhile, the influencing factors of over-capacity are also revealed by the means of co-integration regression. The empirical results are as follows: Jiangsu, Shandong, Guangdong, Shanghai and Beijing have serious excess capacity, the government’s financial subsidies have a positive effect on overcapacity. While steel prices, market demands and technical level have negative effect on over-capacity. Finally, the factors affecting the overcapacity of the steel industry have been discussed. Based on the above analysis, the suggestions for decreasing the production capacity have been proposed. In particular, the efficient measurements (such as reasonable control of subsidies to the steel industry, the cultivation of employees' innovative ability as well as upgrading of the technological level of enterprises, etc.) should be carried out to solve the problem of over-capacity.
Keywords:Steel industry Overcapacity Stochastic Frontier Model Panel Regression
JEL Classification: D24 E22 O30
城市规模、发展模式与企业加成率
郭进 徐盈之 白俊红
摘 要:本文基于集聚经济外部性视角,匹配中国工业企业数据和地级及以上城市数据,对城市规模、发展模式与企业加成率的关系进行了探讨。研究发现:城市规模与发展模式密切相关。随着规模扩大,城市倾向于由专业化发展转向多元化发展,但二者并非相互排斥,多元化指数较高的城市完全有可能在某些产业上实现专业化发展。中国城市规模进一步扩大将有利于提高企业加成率。同时,城市专业化发展与企业加成率之间呈现出在低水平时促进、在高水平时抑制的倒U型关系,但总体上并未超过阈值拐点,说明城市继续沿着专业化方向发展将促进企业加成率的提升。然而,由于中国城市的多元化发展模式并不突出,导致多元化指数与企业加成率之间的倒U型关系并不稳健;分层样本的异质性检验发现,与当前中国城市的发展现状相吻合,大型城市的专业化发展更加易于饱和,而中小型城市对于专业化发展的包容性更强,且在多数产业部门中城市多元化发展对企业加成率的影响并不显著。因此,大型城市可以兼顾专业化发展和多元化发展,而中小型城市应当选择专业化的发展模式,着力引导相似产业部门的企业集聚。本文的研究对于理解城市与企业的关系,进而推动产城融合发展具有重要的理论与现实意义。
关键词:城市规模 专业化发展模式 多元化发展模式 企业加成率
City Size, Development Modes and Enterprises’ Markups
Jin Guo Yingzhi Xu Junhong Bai
Abstract: This paper made a study of city size, development patterns and enterprises’ markups in the perspective of agglomeration economies’ externalities by matching Chinese enterprises’ data and cities’ data. The results indicated that: i) there was a close relationship between city size and its development patterns. City tended to shift from specialized development to diversified development with the expansion of its size. However, these two kinds of development patterns were not mutually exclusive. Cities with high diversity index were completely likely to achieve specialized development in some industries. ii) Further expansion of Chinese cities’ size would improve enterprises’ markups. Moreover, there was an inverted u-shaped relationship between cities’ specialization and enterprises’ markups, which meant that specialization would improve enterprises’ markups at a low level and suppress at a high level, but most cities had not surpassed the inflection point. However, as the diversified development model of Chinese cities was not outstanding, the inverted u-shaped relationship between cities’ diversification and enterprises’ markups was not stable. iii) It was consistent with current situation of cities development in China that large cities’ specializations were easier to saturated, while small and medium-sized cities were more tolerant to specialized development, and diversified development did not have significant influence on enterprises’ markups in most industrial sectors. Therefore, large cities could combine the specialized development mode and the diversified development, while small and medium-sized cities should choose specialized development mode by guiding similar enterprise aggregation. This paper generated important theoretical and practical significances in understanding the relationship between city and enterprise and promoting city-industry integration development.
Keywords: City Size Specialized Development Mode Diversified Development Mode Markups
JEL Classification: D43 L11 R32
互联网技术进步与中国产业结构优化升级:理论与实证
徐伟呈 周田
摘 要:本文构建了互联网技术驱动下的产业结构优化升级模型,利用信息化发展指数测算出互联网技术进步率,并推导出全国31个地区互联网技术进步对三大产业生产率贡献的序关系,从而在理论层面考察了互联网技术进步对各地产业结构调整的异质性影响,然后利用2000-2017年全国省际面板数据进行了实证研究。研究发现:(1)对于第三产业发展迅猛的地区,互联网技术进步对第三产业生产率的贡献大于第二产业,可以促进产业结构升级;但部分地区二三产业市场化进程缓慢、消费服务业发展滞后导致三大产业生产率不趋同,不利于结构优化。(2)对于具有工业化结构的地区,互联网技术进步不利于产业结构升级,但对于其中农业现代化水平较高的地区,“互联网+农业”的发展缩小了第一产业与二三产业生产率的差距,有利于结构优化。(3)对于产业结构具有“服务化”特征的地区,互联网技术对其结构高度化的驱动作用要远大于具有“服务化”倾向和“工业化”特征的地区。
关键词:互联网技术进步 产业结构变迁模型 产业结构优化升级 生产率贡献 产业结构特征
Progress of Internet Technology And Optimization And Upgrading of China’s Industrial Structure:Theory And Evidence
Weicheng Xu Tian Zhou
Abstract: This paper constructs the model of industrial structure optimization and upgrading driven by internet technology. In use of rate of internet technological progress calculated by information development index, this paper infers the order of contribution of internet technological progress to productivity of three major industries in every region, and theoretically examines the heterogeneous influence of internet technology progress on industrial structure adjustment in various places, then makes use of provincial panel data of China from 2000 to 2017 to carry out empirical research. The study found that: (1) In region where tertiary industry is booming, contribution of internet technology to productivity of the tertiary industry exceeds the secondary industry, which can drive industrial structure upgrading, however, in some areas, slow process of marketization and lagging development of consumer service industry lead to a lack of convergence on contribution to productive in three major industries, which is not conducive to structural optimization. (2) For regions with industrial structures, internet technology is not conducive to industrial upgrading, while areas whose agricultural modernization is higher, development of "internet plus agriculture" has narrowed the gap between the contribution to productivity in the first industry and in the second and third industries, which is conducive to structural optimization. (3) For regions where industrial structure is characterized by "service", the driving effect of internet technology on its structure is much greater than that on regions with tendency of "service" and "industrialization".
Keywords: Internet Technology Process Model of Industrial Structure Change Optimization and Upgrading of Industrial Structure Contribution to Productivity Characteristics of Industrial Structure
JEL Classification: O33 L16 D24
担保物权法改革、人力资本投入与民营企业生产率
——一项以制度环境为视角的企业行为研究
何毛毛
摘 要:《物权法》的出台改善了我国长期以来物权不明的问题,为信贷市场提供了制度保障,有效降低了企业的外部融资约束。以这一事件作为自然实验,利用2002年到2017年A股民营上市公司,选择全要素生产率和员工人均产出作为企业生产率的代理变量,采用双重差分法和中介效应模型探究《物权法》出台对企业投资行为以及企业生产率的影响。实证结果表明,《物权法》出台显著提高了企业生产率,这一影响随时间推移逐渐递减。进一步引入人力资本投入和固定资产投资两个路径变量分析发现,担保物权制度改革通过改变企业投资行为,促进企业人力资本投入增加,进而促进了企业生产效率的提升。本文的研究不仅补充了法律制度改革如何影响企业微观行为,也为我国经济迈向高质量发展阶段提供参考依据。
关键词:外部融资约束 《物权法》 民营企业 企业投资行为 企业生产率 人力资本投入
Reform on Security Interests System、Input in Manpower and Private Enterprise Productivity
——A Corporate Behavior Study from the Perspective of Institutional Environment
MaoMao He
Abstract: The promulgation of the Property Law has improved the problem of unclear property rights in China for a long time, and provided institutional guarantee for the credit market, effectively reduced the external financing constraints of enterprises. Taking this event as a natural experiment, using the A-share private listed companies from 2002 to 2017, selecting the total factor productivity and the per capita output of employees as the proxy variables of the enterprise productivity, using the double difference method and the mediation effect model to explore the introduction of the Property Law. Corporate investment behavior and the impact of business productivity. The empirical results show that the introduction of the Property Law has significantly increased the productivity of enterprises, and this effect has gradually declined over time. Further analysis of the two path variables of human capital investment and fixed asset investment shows that the reform of the security interest system promotes the increase of human capital investment by increasing the investment behavior of enterprises, which in turn promotes the improvement of production efficiency. The research in this paper not only supplements how the reform of the legal system affects the micro-behavior of the enterprise, but also provides a reference for the development of China's economy towards a high-quality development stage.
Keywords: External Financing Constraints Property Law Private Enterprise Corporate Investment Behavior Employee Productivity Input In Manpower
JEL Classification: G28 D21 D24
外商直接投资对京津冀城市职能专业化的影响
——基于价值链分工的视角
张晓涛 易云锋
摘 要:以价值链分工为基础的城市职能分工是城市群形成与发展的重要特征,外商直接投资对城市职能分工具有显著影响。本文以价值链分工理论为基础构建了外商直接投资影响城市职能专业化的直接效应模型和间接效应模型。基于2003-2017年京津冀城市群数据实证发现,在直接效应方面,外商直接投资对城市的生产、研发、营销、管理等四类职能专业化均具有非线性影响,具体而言,对生产职能专业化的影响呈现先增强后弱化的“倒U型”特征,而对研发、营销、管理等高端职能专业化的影响则呈现先弱化后增强的“U型”特征;在间接效应方面,外商直接投资通过促进产业结构高级化和人力资本水平提升,一方面,会弱化城市生产职能的专业化,另一方面,会增强研发、营销和管理等高端职能的专业化。
关键词:京津冀城市群 外商直接投资 职能专业化 协同发展
Influence of Foreign Direct Investment On the Functional Specialization of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration
——From the Perspective of Value Chain Division
Xiaotao Zhang Yunfeng Yi
Abstract: Urban functional division is a new regional division of labor characterized by value chain division, which is closely related to foreign direct investment(FDI). Based on the theory of value chain division, this paper constructs direct effect model and indirect effect model to investigate the impact of FDI on urban functional specialization. By using the data of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH) urban agglomeration from 2003 to 2017 for empirical analysis, we found that in terms of direct effect, FDI on four types of urban functional specialization level has nonlinear effect, to be specific,for specialization levels of production functions appear to weakened after increasing in the influence of theinverted “U” characteristics, and for the specialization level of high-end functions like R&D, marketing, management is enhanced after being weaken in the influence of the “U” type characteristics.In terms of indirect effects, with the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure and the improvement of human capital level, FDI will weaken the specialization level of urban production functions, and enhance the specialization level of high-end functions such as R&D, marketing and management.
Keywords: Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration Foreign Direct Investment Functional Specialization Coordinated Development
JEL Classification: F21 P25