配额制度对稀土出口的总体效应和分类效应
平新乔 安然 黄昕
摘 要:传统看法认为,出口配额管制会造成出口产品价升量减。在上世纪末到2014年间,中国的稀土出口一直是受配额管制的。出口配额是否对中国的稀土出口产生价升量减的效果呢?本文依据1992-2011年中国海关数据,运用双重差分法,比较分析了稀土出口配额管制实施前后我国三类稀土出口企业的出口价格增长率及出口数量增长率的变化情况。与前人的研究不同,我们区别了配额管制的总体效应与分类效应。计量结果发现,稀土出口配额管制的实施使得国企、民企和外企三类出口企业的出口价格增长率都上升,但是上升幅度是民企最大,外企其次,国企最小;而在出口数量增长率上,三类企业却出现分化,国企的出口数量增长率受到明显限制,而民企、外企的出口数量增长率却并未受到太大约束,甚至还出现民企出口数量增长率上升的现象。稀土出口配额之所以导致民营企业的稀土出口数量增长率不降反升,其原因可能在于出口配额管制产生的出口价格上升引发了配额寻租。
关键词:稀土出口 配额 寻租
How Quotas Influence Rare Earth Export: Total Effect and Sorting Effect
Xinqiao Ping Ran An Xin Huang
Abstract: From traditional perspective, export quota control would cause export price increasing and volume declining. And how export quota control work on rare-earth export in China? Using Chinese Customs Trades Statistics (CCTS) database from 1992 to 2011, we investigate how export price and export volume of three types of Chinese rare earth exporting enterprises respond to changes in export quota control respectively. In this paper we specify the total effect and sorting effect under export quota control, and apply DID (Difference in difference estimator method) to examine the export change of three types of Chinese enterprises after the imposition of export quota. For all the three types of enterprises, empirical evidences show the surge in export price growth rate: Private Enterprises have seen the biggest price growth rate rise, followed by Foreign Enterprises, while the State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) meet the minimum price growth rate rise. However, empirical evidences show diversity in the change of export volume growth rate following quota imposition: under export quota control, SOEs face the tightest constraint of export volume; while Private and Foreign Enterprises face slacker constraint, in particular, the export volume growth rate of private enterprises had even risen, which was driven by rent-seeking that triggered by higher price resulted from export quota control.
Keywords: Rare-Earth Export Quota Rent-Seeking
JEL Classification: F13 L51 L61
银行卡市场交叉网络外部性检验及其强度估算
——基于二次B样条方法修正的归属曲线模型方法
傅联英 陈兆友 骆品亮
摘 要:交叉网络外部性是银行卡市场双边性的基本判断准则,也是银行卡产业组织演化的主要驱动因素,其存在性、方向性和强度构成了后续研究的前提条件。本文首先运用半参数方法估计传统的归属曲线,判断我国银行卡市场交叉网络外部性的存在性和方向性;在此基础上,运用二次B样条方法修正传统的归属曲线模型,进而估算我国银行卡市场的交叉网络外部性强度。实证结果表明:我国银行卡市场存在非对称的双边交叉网络外部性且具有递减的阶段性特征;伴随着收单市场规模的扩张,收单端对发卡端产生的交叉网络外部性强度依次约为1.52、0.9和0.75;而随着发卡市场量级提高,发卡端对收单端产生的交叉网络外部性强度依次约为3.18、3.08和1.66.另外,双边市场规模及其交叉网络外部性受到市场结构、零售业发展水平、费率政策调整等因素的影响。研究结论对本土银行卡支付机构在“后银联时代”的用户培育、竞争对策、费率制定均具有参考意义。
关键词:银行卡市场 交叉网络外部性 修正的归属曲线模型 二次B样条方法
Examining and Estimating the Cross-group Network Externalities in China's Bankcard Market Based on a Modified Attachment Curves Model by Quadratic B-Splines Method
Lianying Fu Zhaoyou Chen Pinliang Luo
Abstract:Cross-group network externalities make bankcard market distinctive and shape market structure in a powerful way. The existence, direction and strength of cross-group network externalities serve as the necessary conditions for numerous follow-up studies. This paper initially tests the existence of cross-group network externalities of China's bankcard market using Attachment Curves Model(ACM), and then employs the Quadratic B-splines Method to measures the strength of the externalities based on a Modified Attachment Curves Model. The results estimated by ACM show there exists significant but asymmetry cross-network externalities with decreasing feature in China's bankcard industry from 1995-2014, the magnitudes of cross-network externalities from acquiring market to issuing market are 1.52, 0.9 and 0.75; while those from issuing market to acquiring market are 3.18, 3.08 and 1.66. Further research illustrates that the structure of issuing market and acquiring market, development of retailing industry and the bank card fee policy all have distinct impacts both on the growth of bankcard market and the origin of cross-network externalities. All the results may be constructive for local payment institutes to cultivate users, design fees as well as compete against rivals in Post-UnionPay era.
Keywords:Bankcard Market Cross-group Network Externalities Modified Attachment Curves Model Quadratic B-splines Method
JEL Classification:L11 L22 L40
私立医疗发展能否缓解看病难?
——来自加拿大关节置换登记2005-2012年的实证证据
董誉文
摘 要:2009年中国启动新医改以来,我国医药卫生体制改革深入进行,取得了令人瞩目的成就,然而“看病贵、看病难”问题还没有根本缓解,尤其是“看病难”的问题。我国社会医疗保险体系占据医疗保障体系中的绝大部分比重,私立医疗发展相对缓慢。同时“看病难”问题并未得到有效的衡量和测算。因此,鲜有学者从私立医疗发展的角度讨论上述问题。国内目前还没有文献给出私立医疗发展与病人“看病难”之间关系的实证证据。文章采用加拿大公共医疗等待时间的病人个体数据,试图为我国医疗改革中通过发展私立医疗缓解“看病难”问题寻找别国的经验和启发。研究发现:加拿大私立医疗发展对公共医疗所产生的医疗服务需求的分流效应要大于医疗资源供给的挤占效应,能够缩短公共医疗等待时间。我国可以从加拿大医疗体制改革中得到医疗保险制度本身、私立医疗发展这两个方面的启发。我国应全面推进公立医院改革,鼓励私立医疗发展,从供给侧入手对医疗服务市场进行的结构性改革,缓解结构性看病难的问题。
关键词:私立医疗 卫生保健政策 等待时间 需求效应
Could the Development of Private Health Care Alleviate the Difficulty to See a Doctor?
An Empirical Research on the Canadian Joint Replacement Surgery Data from 2005 to 2012
Yuwen Dong
Abstract: Since 2009, China started the new reform on the medical and health care system. Although remarkable achievements have been made, the problems brought by the expensive health care fees and by the difficulty to see a doctor have not been fundamentally alleviated, especially the second problem. In China’s health care system, the public health care occupies the vast proportion, and the private health care grows relatively slowly. Meanwhile, the difficulty to see a doctor has not been effectively measured. Therefore, few scholars have discussed this problem from the perspective of the growth of the private health care. There is rarely evidence of the relationship between the growth of the private health care and the difficulty to see a doctor. We find that the growth of the private health care would provide patients and physicians with an option, some incentives to opt out of the public health care system, shifting the demand for medical services and the supply of human resources from the public health care system to the private health care market. We conduct an empirical investigation on the impact of the growth of the private health care on patients’ waiting time in the public health care system. Using Canadian joint replacement surgery data from 2005 to 2012, our findings suggest that, the demand side effect is dominant over the supply side effect. As a result, the growth of the private health care is associated with shorter public waiting time. This study seeks the experience and inspiration from the Canada’s health care system in two aspects, the health care system reform strategy and the private health care growth policy. China should promote the reform of the public hospitals and encourage the development of the private care market, to alleviate the difficulty to see a doctor through the structural reforms on the medical service market in the supply side.
Keywords: Private Health Care Health Care Policy Waiting Time Demand Side Effect
JEL Classification: H51 I18
差异化产品市场的反垄断资产剥离、竞拍与社会福利
吴绪亮 吴晶晶 刘丰波
摘 要:本文通过构建一个包括国内企业和外资企业的非对称横向合并模型,考察了差异化产品市场下反垄断资产剥离、企业竞拍以及相关的社会福利变化和反垄断政策选择问题。研究发现,当企业资产规模不对称时,差异化产品市场横向合并的反垄断资产剥离竞拍中,市场规模大小会影响不同企业竞拍成功的可能性。当市场规模较小时,资产规模较大的企业能够竞拍成功;当市场规模较大时,不同资产规模的企业均可能竞拍成功,此时反垄断监管机构可以通过调控剥离资产的大小来影响竞拍结果。此外,无论是外资企业还是国内企业获得非负的剥离资产都会使该剥离资产的产品价格下降;而非剥离资产的产品价格变化则取决于产品差异的性质。
关键词:差异化产品 横向合并 资产剥离 反垄断 消费者剩余
Antitrust Asset Divestiture, Firm Bidding and Social Welfare in a Differentiated Market
Xuliang Wu Jingjing Wu Fengbo Liu
Abstract:Through building anasymmetrichorizontal merger model with domestic and foreign firms, the paper examines antitrust divestiture, firm bidding and related social welfare change and antitrust policy selection in a market with differentiated products. It has been found that when the size of the firm assets are asymmetry, the size of the market will affect the possibility of different firms to win in bidding for antitrust divestiture of horizontal merger in the market with differentiated products. When the market size is relatively small, the firm with large asset will win thebidding; while the market size is large, either type of firm has a chance to win, then antitrust agency can influence the auction outcome by adjusting the size of the divest assets.Moreover, as long as a firm obtains a non-negative divest asset, no matter it is a domestic firm or foreign one, it will push down the price of product that linked to the divest asset; while the price change of product that linked to the non-divest asset depends on the nature of product differentiation.
Keywords: Product Differentiation Horizontal Merger Asset Divestiture Antitrust Consumer Surplus
JEL Classification:K21 L49 L13
异质性风险、所有权性质和自主创新
任曙明 徐猛 孙飞
摘 要:异质性风险对企业的自主创新能力有重大影响,并且所有权性质对二者关系有调节作用。本文以经理人风险厌恶为基础,建立了异质性风险对自主创新的影响机制,并使用2003~2012年制造业上市企业的面板数据,率先在企业层面研究异质性风险对国有企业和民营企业自主创新的影响。结果表明,异质性风险对企业的自主创新有不利影响,并且经理人持股越多,影响越大;对国有企业的影响小于民营企业;增加机构持股能够降低异质性风险的影响作用。结论表明,未来的政策设计应该加强机构投资者持股,采用多样化经理人激励方式,并且延长经理人绩效考核周期。
关键词:异质性风险 所有权性质 自主创新 机构投资者
Idiosyncratic Risk, Ownership and Innovation
Shuming Ren Meng Xu Fei Sun
Abstract: Idiosyncratic risk has an important affection on firm's innovation, and the ownership could adjust their relationships. Based on manager's risk aversion, we established an influencing mechanism to study how idiosyncratic risk effect firm's innovation. We used the panel data of manufacturing listed firms from 2003-2012, and then studied how idiosyncratic risk effect state-owned enterprises' and private enterprises' innovation, which is the first try in China. We find that idiosyncratic risk has an adverse affection on firm's innovation, and the more the manager's shareholding, the greater the influence. Furthermore, the influence is greater on private enterprises, and increase in institutional ownership could reduce the impact. The results indicate that, in future, the design of policy should increase the number of managers and strengthen the institutional ownership.
Keywords: Idiosyncratic Risk Ownership Innovation Institutional Investor
JEL Classfication:D21 D24 L23
人力资本与企业技术创新:一个文献综述
张伟 周耀东
摘 要:以企业人力资本不同类型对企业创新影响为视角,以管理者、普通员工和知识提供者不同类型为基础,总结和梳理了企业人力资本与技术创新关系的实证研究成果,认为不同层次的企业角色、教育背景、行业经验、创新经历、培训等对企业创新具有不同的影响程度,因经济发展阶段和国家不同,这种影响也存在差异。最后,探讨了现有相关文献的共同点、差异和问题。
关键词:人力资本 企业创新 教育 经验
Human Capital and Firm Innovation: A Literature Review
Wei Zhang Yaodong Zhou
Abstract:Based on the different type of firm’s human capital (managers, ordinary employees and knowledge providers), this paper reviews the relationship between human capital and firm innovation in empirical literatures. The result shows that diverse enterprise role, education background, industrial knowledge, innovative experience, training all have their own different influences on firm innovation, due to the different economic development stages as well as countries. The influence also depends on different economic development stages and countries. Finally, the paper summarizes similarities, differences and problems in empirical literatures.
Keywords: Human Capital Firm Innovation Education Experience
JEL Classification: L00 M10
经济治理理论研究进展:基本逻辑、三方分类体系及选择条件
安岗 李凯
摘 要:经济治理关注企业之间的冲突解决和契约执行问题。近十多年,以Dixit为代表的学者在经济治理的研究对象、基本逻辑、分类体系和模型建构方面进行了持续推进,把研究对象扩大到发展中和转型经济,逻辑起点定位在单边、双边和多边囚徒困境,把经济治理划分为第一方治理、第二方治理和第三方治理,并建立了三种基准模型,同时把人的行为偏好因素纳入这三方体系来研究,为经济治理研究提供了新的框架,并引发了大量后续研究,本文称其为“新经济治理”。本文进一步梳理了经济治理的内涵和经济学逻辑,并按照新的分类体系梳理了经济治理文献的发展脉络,比较了不同治理模式的异同;并考察了不同文献对治理方式之间关系的争论,讨论了经济治理方式选择的基本条件和影响因素;最后对经济治理研究进行了总结和展望。
关键词:经济治理 囚徒困境 法律缺失与经济学 行为经济学 第一方治理
New Progress of Economic Governance Theory:
Governance logic, The Three Parties System and Choice Condition
Gang An Kai Li
Abstract: Economic governance pays attention to how to solve conflicts and the contract execution between firms. In the past decade, leaded by Dixit, the theory of economic governance has been through continued advances in the object of study, the basic logic, classification system and model construction. They expanded the research object to economic development and transformation and set the logic starting point on the unilateral, bilateral and multilateral prisoner's dilemma. At the same time, scholars proposed the division of economic governance into the first party governance, the second party governance and the third party governance, and established three benchmark models. In addition, preference of human behavior was taken into the three parties system as another factor to study. Thus they provided a new framework for the study of economic governance causing a lot of follow-up studies, which is called "new economic governance" in this paper. Firstly, this paper further reviews the economic governance of the connotation and logic of economics, and then straightens out the literature development vein in accordance with the new classification system and compares the differences among them. It further examines the literature debate on the relationship between different governances and basic conditions and the influencing factors of mode selection for economic governance are also discussed. Finally the paper makes the summary and outlook of the study of economic governance.
Keywords: Economic Governance Prisoner’s Dilemma Lawlessness and Economics Behavior Economics First Party Governance System
JEL Classification: D23 D71 L22