比价工具、产品差异与B2C市场默契合谋
刘征驰 赖明勇
摘 要:比价工具作为一种集中披露分散信息的有效手段,其应用将增加消费者端市场透明度,进而影响B2C市场寡头零售商间竞合行为。本文基于产品差异度约束条件,建立单阶段竞争和多阶段合谋的双寡头Hotelling模型,通过对其纯战略、混合战略和触发战略纳什均衡分析,探讨了比价工具对默契合谋的影响机理。本文证明:在具有一定产品差异度的B2C市场上,随着消费者越来越广泛的使用比价工具,网络零售商间默契合谋的难度将随之增加。而在近似同质化产品市场上,这种效应却基本消失了。此时,比价工具的应用对网络零售商间默契合谋没有影响。本文为各大B2C平台间经营品类的同质化现象提供了一个全新的经济学解释。
关键词:电子商务 默契合谋 产品差异 市场透明
Price Comparison, Product Differentiation and Tacit Collusion in B2C Market
Zhengchi Liu Mingyong Lai
Abstract: Price comparison apps collect dispersed price information together and increase market transparency on the consumer side, which greatly influence oligarch retailers’ cooperation and competition in B2C market. This paper, based on the condition of product differentiation, proposes a Hotelling duopoly model of single-period competition and multi-period collusion. The pure strategy, mixed strategy and trigger strategy Nash equilibriums of the model are analyzed, by which the effects on tacit collusion of price comparison apps are investigated. Two propositions are proposed: Firstly, in the differentiated market to a certain extent, the tacit collusion becomes harder to sustain with the widespread use of price comparison apps by online consumers. Secondly, in the limiting homogeneous market, the effects vanish. Here the use of price comparison apps does not affect the possibilities for tacit collusion. This research provides a rational economic explanation for the tendency of high homogeneity of products in the B2C market.
Keywords:E-commerce Tacit Collusion Product Differentiation Market Transparency
JEL Classification: L11 L12 C72
中美省际或州际经济分布与人口分布协调性的对比研究
杨华磊 周晓波 何凌云
摘 要:最近10年中国各省经济分布与人口分布的协调性低于美国各州的经济分布与人口分布的协调性。简而言之,中国经济发达的省份,人口较少,经济落后的省份,人口较多;相反,美国经济发达的州,人口较多,经济落后的州,人口较少,这意味着中国省际收入差距大于美国州际收入差距。但中国省际经济分布与人口分布的协调性正在增强,美国州际协调性正在减弱,这意味着经济分布与人口分布的协调性很可能是震荡着增加,而非所谓的先下降后上升。在中国经济还在转型的今天,选择加大发达省份的人口聚集和落后省份的经济聚集的调控组合,能更好的实现经济发展和区域差距缩小的双重目标;在发达省份产业升级后,因为发达省份特殊的产业结构,将无法吸纳更多的人口聚集,人口迁移在降低区域差距和提升经济发展方面的作用将逐渐降低,相反通过调整经济分布实现缩小区域差距和提升经济的作用将越来越重要。最后,在如今产业转型的背景下,是否应该反思如今中国经济越发达的省份,户籍管制越严格的制度。
关键词:经济分布 人口分布 协调性 收入差距
Comparative Study on the Coordination of Inter-Provincial Economic and Population Distribution Between China and USA
Hualei Yang Xiaobo Zhou Lingyun He
Abstract: In the last 10 years, Chinese coordination of population distribution and the economic distribution is lower than that of USA in the state.In short, the rich provinces in china have relatively less population; poor province in china which have more population; on the contrary, the rich provinces in American have relatively more population; poor province in American which have less population。In China ,this means that the provincial income gap which is greater than American.But in the inter-provincial ,the harmony of economic distribution and population distribution of China is enhanced, that of USA is weakening, which means the harmony of economic distribution and population distribution is likely to shock the increase, rather than the so-called first decreased and then increased.Under the background of China economic transformation, Only,we choose to the combination of increasing population agglomeration in rich provinces and economic agglomeration in poor provinces, we can achieve the double goals of economic development and regional gap narrowing;After the industrial upgrading of the developed provinces ,because of the industrial structure, rich provinces unable to absorb more population,The role of population migration will gradually reduce in reducing regional disparities and promoting economic development ,On the contrary, by adjusting the economic distribution to narrow the regional gap and promote the economy will be more and more important .Finally, in the background of industrial transformation, Should we reflect on policy that the more richer chinese provinces, the more strict system of household registration,is it reasonable?
Keywords:Economy Distribution Population Distribution Coordination Income Gap
JEL Classification:H770 J110 O150
公私合作关系的构建与实施
——基于交通领域利用民间资本的研究
荣朝和 李津京
摘 要:公共设施与服务的提供方式从政府包办转为公私合作甚至民间优先,在很大程度上是一次制度革命,必须在社会共识和法律体系上进行重大调整。认为我国民资进入基础设施领域虽然在表面上已不存在政策障碍,实际上进展并不顺利,传统政府投资模式已暴露诸多弊端,必须尽快创造条件推进公共资源的市场化配置。提出若干政府悖论的存在和行业性行政垄断导致民营经济缺少与国有经济平等合作的能力,有必要在公共领域通过外包服务、租赁委托、特许经营等形式建立公私合作关系,调整国有经济与民营经济的关系和结构。论证了公私合作关系是在公共领域实现混合经济的重要途径,国有经济的控制力和影响力应从原本必须直接投资和拥有,转变到通过政策、法规、流程与契约的引导与监管去体现。国际对比已证实长期可靠的公私合作关系是政府工程采购的实现条件,需要同时在顶层设计与合理流程两个方面切实推进,并形成有利于非公经济发展的社会生态与氛围。
关键词:公私合作关系 交通运输 公共领域 民间资本
The Establishment and Implementation of Public-Private Partnership
——Based on Research of Private Investment in Transport Industry
Chaohe Rong Jinjing Li
Abstract: It is an institutional revolution that the provision of public infrastructure and service transforms from total government arrangement to public-private provision, and even current private priority. This requires forming a new social consensus and making significant legal adjustment. The article points out that although there seems no more policy barrier for private capital’s access to infrastructure, the actual progress is far from satisfactory. The disadvantages of traditional government investment have been largely exposed and there is an urgent need to create conditions for the market allocation of public resources. The analysis shows that government paradox and industrial administrative monopoly lead to private capital’s incapacity to cooperate with state owned economy. It is necessary to establish public-private partnership in the forms of outsourcing, BTO and BOT etc. and further adjust structure and relationship of state and private economy. It is argued that public-private partnership is an important form to realize mixed economy in public domain. The control and influence of state owned economy should be transformed to and mainly reflect in the guidance and regulation with policy, law, process and contract instead of direct investment and equity. The international comparison confirms that the long-term and firm public-private partnership is the necessary condition of government project procurement. To establish effective public-private partnership, top level design as well as reasonable process should be pushed on simultaneously under the social ecology and environment in favor of non-state owned economy.
Keywords:Public-Private Partnership Transport Industry Public Domain Private Capital
JEL Classification: H54 L32 L91 P41
医药分离的经济学辨析:理论与实践
张林军 李明志 齐良书
摘 要:医药分离是我国医药卫生体制改革的重要环节和目标之一,也是社会各界关注的热点话题。本文从理论和实践两个方面对医药分离问题进行了详尽的梳理和总结。按照产业组织理论,医药分离有助于纠正医生的激励机制,发挥专业分工的效率,以及打破医院的垄断地位,但也具有局限性,甚至在一定环境下会显现出较为严重的负面作用。对理论的经验检验表明,医药分离的实际效果并不完全是正面的。在实践方面,韩国、日本和我国台湾地区在推行医药分离的过程中,既取得了一些成功的经验,也积累了不少教训,值得我国政策制定者认真学习和借鉴。
关键词:医药分离 激励机制 专业分工
An Economic Critique of Separating Drug Prescription and Dispensing: Theory and Practice
Linjun Zhang Mingzhi Li Liangshu Qi
Abstract: As an important procedure of the ongoing medical and health system reform, separating drug prescription and dispensing (SPD) is a hot topic of public concern in China. In this article, we summarize in detail the theories and experiences related to SPD. According to industrial organization theory, SPD helps to correct the incentive mechanism for doctors, to promote the efficiency of specialization, and to break the monopoly of hospitals. However, it also has limitations, or even serious negative effects in some circumstances. Empirical examinations show that the actual effects are not always positive. In practice, the lessons of Korea, Japan and Taiwan in their process of implementing SPD are worthy for China’s policy makers to learn carefully.
Keywords:Separation of Drug Prescription and Dispensing Incentive Mechanism Division of Labor
JEL Classification Numbers: I11 I18 L10
我国产业结构升级中的问题、机制与路径——一个综述
余泳泽 刘 冉
摘 要:我国产业结构升级速度缓慢已积难成疾,寻找产业结构优化的有效机制成了当前迫切需要解决的问题。本文立足于产业结构升级当前阶段特征,梳理我国产业结构存在的问题及深层原因,并分别从制度环境、供给机制、需求机制、技术驱动、开放模式五个角度提出促进产业结构优化的机制与路径。未来的研究应更重视我国产业结构升级路径的区域差异性,加强对服务业升级路径的探索。
关键词:产业结构升级 产业升级路径 产业升级机制
A Review of the Problems, Mechanism and Path of Industrial Structure Upgrading
Yongze Yu Ran Liu
Abstract: China's industrial structure upgrading happens slowly. Finding an effective mechanism for the industrial structure has become an urgent problem to be solved. This paper, based on industrial structure upgrading recent characters, sums up problems and deep reasons in China's industrial structure, and puts forward five path mechanisms to promote industrial structure--system environment, supply mechanism, demand mechanism, technology driven, and open mode. Future research should pay more attention to the regional difference in industrial structure upgrading mechanism of our country, and strengthen the exploration of the path to upgrade service industry.
Keywords: Industrial Structure Upgrading Industrial Upgrading Path Industrial Upgrading Mechanism
JEL Classification: L16 O14
买方抗衡势力对上游产品创新的激励研究
李凯 刘智慧 苏慧清
摘 要:构建了一个三阶段动态博弈模型,考察了非合作情形下零售商抗衡势力对制造商产品创新激励的影响。研究结果表明:当零售商抗衡势力较弱时,抗衡势力促进了制造商的产品创新激励,当抗衡势力较强时,买方抗衡势力抑制了上游厂商的产品创新激励;同时,买方抗衡势力增强导致原产品及创新产品的均衡价格下降,均衡产量上升,产品创新程度增强也使两类产品的均衡产量上升。此外,在福利影响方面,买方抗衡势力同时改善了消费者效用和社会总福利。最后,论文证明了买方抗衡势力增强时,中间产品市场“水床效应”是有条件的。
关键词:纵向约束 买方抗衡势力 产品创新 水床效应
Countervailing Power and Upstream Product Innovation Incentive
Kai Li Zhihui Liu Huiqing Su
Abstract: We build a three stage dynamic game model to study the upstream product innovation incentive mechanism under the condition of non-cooperation and the existing of countervailing power. The results show that, when the retailer countervailing power is weak, the existing of countervailing power can promote the upstream to select product innovation, when the retailer countervailing power is strong, the existing of countervailing power can restrain the upstream to select product innovation; and the countervailing power reduces the equilibrium prices of two kinds of products, as well as increases the demand. In addition, the consumer utility and social welfare are both increasing with the countervailing power. Finally, we proved that the existing of “waterbed effect” need some conditions.
Keywords: Vertical Restriction Countervailing Power Product Innovation Waterbed Effect
JEL Classification: L11 L22
动态外部性、产业异质性与中国区域产业的协同发展
张志强
摘 要:动态外部性与产业的全要素生产率增长紧密相连。本文基于空间面板的向量自回归模型、面板的格兰杰因果性检验与空间面板分位数回方法,利用2003-2011年省份层面三维面板数据,分析了马歇尔外部性、雅各布斯外部性、波特竞争外部性的区域产业发展效应。结论表明:动态外部性对于产业的全要素生产率增长具有显著的异质性、非线性特征;马歇尔动态外部性、波特竞争外部性与产业的全要素增长率增长,具有双向的因果互动关系,雅格布斯外部性与产业全要素增长之间仅存在单向的因果关系;空间动态面板分位数回归进一步揭示了动态外部性的产业发展效应的时空差异,在不同分位点上,马歇尔动态外部性的产业增长效应具有递减性特征,而雅各布斯和波特竞争外部性的产业发展效应则具有倒“U”型曲线特征。基于空间混合多维面板方法,分析了产业特征、区域特征及其交互影响机制引致的动态外部性产业发展效应差异的内在原因。因此,依据产业异质性特征,按照产业的生命周期,以聚集经济促进区域产业发展是实现我国产业优化升级、区域经济协调发展的有效途径。
关键词:动态外部性 空间面板VAR 产业异质性
Dynamic Externality,Industry Heterogeneity and Synchronized Regional Industry Development
Zhiqiang Zhang
Abstract: Dynamic externally is interrelated to industry TFP growth. Based on spatial panel VAR model, spatial panel granger causality and dynamic spatial panel quantile regression methods. This paper probe the Marshall, Jacbos and Porter externality effects on TFP growth for different industry of three dimension panel datasets in 2003-2011. The empirical results are as follows: the effect of externally on industry TFP growth is heterogeneous and nonlinear. There are bidirectional granger causality relationship between Marshall, Porter externality and industry TFP growth while there is only unidirectional granger causality between Jacbos externality and industry TFP growth. There is prominent difference in industry TFP growth based on spatial dynamic quantile regression of individual industry for varying time and region. For different quantile, the effect of Marshall externally is decreasing while Jacobos, Porter externality effects are like an inverted U curve. Based on spatial mixed multilevel data, it also investigates the causes of heterogeneous effect of dynamic externalities on industry development in terms of characteristics of industry, province as well as its interactions. All in all, the agglomeration economics for different region of China is pivotal forces to optimize industry structure and fulfill the regional harmonious development strategy which is critically dependent on heterogeneity characterizes and life cycles of individual industry.
Keywords:Dynamic Externality Spatial Panel VAR Industry Heterogeneity
JEL Classification: L6 O18 P25
我国保险中介机构的市场结构与绩效研究
于殿江 曹晓 林荣强
摘 要:近些年来,我国保险中介市场特别是专业中介机构发展迅速,但依然存在诸多问题。本文运用2005-2011年的数据,对我国保险中介机构的市场结构与市场绩效进行了实证研究,并对保险中介机构的市场结构和绩效之间的关系进行了探讨。研究表明,目前我国保险中介机构的市场结构过于分散,介于竞争型和低集中寡占型之间,由此导致的市场绩效也相对较高,但是企业利润由此会相对较低,所以看起来竞争很激烈,而效率却不高。因此对于行业发展而言,谋求相应的市场集中是未来的目标选择。
关键词:保险中介机构 市场结构 业务结构 绩效
Research on the Market Structure and Performance about China's Insurance Intermediaries
Dianjiang Yu Xiao Cao Rongqiang Lin
Abstract: In recent years, China's insurance intermediary market, especially the professional intermediary ,has developed rapidly, but many problems still exist.This paper carries out empirical study on the market structure and performance of China's insurance intermediary institutions based on the data from 2005 to 2011.It also proceeds a study on the relation between the market structure and performance of China's insurance intermediary institutions .The research indicated that the current market structure of China's insurance intermediary institutions are between the competition structure and the less concentrated structure which are too scattered.It has led to the high market performance and the low profit of enterprise.As a result, it seems that the competition is very fierce but the efficiency is not high.Therefore, as for the development of the industry is concerned, seeking the market concentration is the target selection in the future.
Keywords:Insurance Intermediaries Market Structure Business Structure Performance
JEL Classification: G22 L11