双边市场的识别与界定:争论及最新进展
王小芳 纪汉霖
摘 要:随着涉及双边市场业务的反垄断案例增多,双边市场的本质特征和相关市场的边界需要进一步明确。本文回顾了文献中提出的三种识别双边市场的要素:倾斜式定价结构、群体间网络外部性及合约控制权,并指出其中的不足和由此引发的争议。将双边市场划分为双边交易类和双边非交易类可以较好地调和不同概念中存在的矛盾。双边性并不是市场内生的结构特征,而应被视作平台企业的一种内生决策变量,事前把某行业或企业断然归为单边或双边市场是不恰当的。
关键词:双边市场 双边平台 定价结构 群体间网络外部性
Controversy and Progress on Identification and Definition of Two-Sided Markets
Xiaofang Wang Hanlin Ji
Abstract: With the increase of antitrust cases involving two-sided markets business, whose nature and the boundaries of the relevant market need to be further defined. This paper reviews three elements proposed in the literature to identify two-sided markets: skewed pricing structure, inter-group network externalities and contractual control. Then the deficiencies and the resulting controversy are pointed out. The way that two-sided market is divided into two-sided transaction market and two-sided non-transaction market can be used to reconcile the contradictions that exist in different definitions. Two-sidedness is not an endogenous structural characteristic of a market, and shall be deemed to be an endogenous decision variable by a platform. A business or an industry cannot be definitely classified as one-sided or two-sided before it is analyzed case by case.
Keywords:Two-sided Market Two-sided Platform Pricing Structure Inter-Group Network Externalities
JEL Classification:D21 D23 D41
制约服务业增长的体制与政策环境
——基于经济学文献的分析
王向 周立群
摘 要:改革开放前后30年,中国的政治经济体制有改革,也有延续和传承,分析这些制度变化或延续对当前服务业发展的影响意义重大。文章首先总结了服务业发展的动力机制、中国服务业发展的特征事实以及改革前后的相关服务业政策。接着,基于由重工业优先发展的赶超战略内生出来的“三位一体”经济制度模式,文章分析了计划经济时期服务业受到压制,并用改革开放后的制度延续解释了服务业虽有发展但仍然滞后的局面,从而为服务业建立了统一的制度分析框架。最后,本文论述了相应的政策含义。
关键字:服务业 赶超战略 城乡分割 分权制度 国有企业
The Institutional and Policy Environment Constraining Service Industry Growth: an Analysis Based on Economics Literature
Xiang Wang Liqun Zhou
Abstract:After reform and opening, some important political and economic institutions have been changed, but the other key institutions have been extended and inherited. These facts are extremely important for the development of service industry. At first, the paper summarizes the force mechanisms of service sectors, the stylized facts of development of service industry, and the policies for service sector before and after reform. Then, Based the “trinity” of the economic system model from the strategy of priority development of heavy industry, the article analyzes why service industry was suppressed in the planned economy, and explains the limited development of service industry with the continuation of some institutions, establishing a uniform system analysis framework for service industry. At last, the article discusses the corresponding policy implications.
Keywords: Service Industry Strategy of Overtaking Urban-Rural Segmentation Decentralization System State-owned Enterprises
JEL Classification: P26 L88 L80
集聚经济与企业创新——基于中国制造业企业面板数据的实证研究
刘修岩 王璐
摘 要:本文基于2005-2007年中国41万多个制造业企业组成的面板数据,使用Heckman选择模型考察了集聚经济的两种形式——专业化集聚和多样化集聚对企业创新决策和创新强度的影响。研究发现,整体而言,专业化集聚和多样化集聚都能促进企业的创新能力的提升,但二者对企业创新行为的影响存在显著的行业差异:低技术行业的企业能同时从专业化集聚和多样化集聚中获得创新收益,而高技术行业的企业仅能从多样化集聚中获得创新收益,而且与中低技术行业相比,高技术行业从多样化集聚中能获得创新收益更大。此外,我们还发现,企业的研发投入、前期利润率、对员工的培训、出口行为及政府补贴收入等因素对其创新能力的提升也有显著的正向影响。
关键词:多样化集聚 专业化集聚 创新决策 创新强度
Agglomeration Economies and Firm Innovation Practices:
Evidence from Chinese Manufacturing Enterprises
Xiuyan Liu Lu Wang
Abstract: This paper evaluates the effects of two forms of cluster, localization and urbanization, on innovation and renewal of enterprises by a panel data of more than 410,000 manufacturing enterprises and Heckman’s two-stage model. Our findings show a positive impact of localization and urbanization on enterprises’ innovation performance, but this finding only holds for low-tech sectors and not for high-tech sectors. The high-tech sectors only benefit from urbanization and compared with mid-tech and low-tech sectors, they benefit more from it. In additional, we find the R&D investment, last profit margin, employee training, export condition and government subsidy have a positive impact on innovation performance.
Keyword: Urbanization Localization Innovation Decision Innovation Intensity
JEL Classification: L69 O14 R12
服务水平、运营成本和中国B2C零售商经营模式选择
董维刚 浮红芬
摘 要:本文针对目前自营式B2C零售商纷纷开放平台,向联营模式转变这一现象,构建博弈模型,从服务水平和运营成本视角研究B2C零售商经营模式选择的问题。研究表明:不同经营模式下服务水平与运营成本的差异会影响零售商经营模式的选择。当采取自营模式所带来的服务水平提升(相比于联营模式),与由此而增加的运营成本相比,优势足够明显时,零售商会采取自营模式。而当这种优势有限时,只要自营式零售商配送效率足够高,零售商也可以采取自营模式。尤其对于标准化程度高、客单价高的商品,零售商采取自营模式比较合理。
关键词:B2C 自营 联营 服务水平 运营成本
Service, Operation Cost and Business Model of B2C Retailers in China
Weigang Dong Hongfen Fu
Abstract:Considering the trend that more and more B2C retailers are changing from merchant model to two-sided platform model, the paper constructs a model which takes into account differences in service, operation cost to analyse the choice of operation model among B2C retailers. It shows that service and operation cost affect the retailers’ selection of operating model. The merchant model is more profitable when its service level or distribution efficiency is high enough. The merchant model also is preferred when the commodity is of high degree of standardization and of high per ticket sales.
Keywords:B2C Merchant Model Two-sided Platform Model Service Operation Cost
JEL Classification: L81 L29
中间投入品市场区别定价最新研究进展及述评
喻言 任剑新
摘 要:大多数文献对区别定价的研究主要集中在最终产品市场上,但在现实生活中,大部分商品的销售是面向中间需求的,大部分关于区别定价的法律和政策条款也是关注于中间投入品市场上厂商行为的。本文对中间投入品市场区别定价的基本模型进行了介绍,并从上游厂商、下游厂商基本假设等方面的扩展对前人的文献进行了梳理,最后在此基础上对中间投入品市场区别定价的未来研究进行了展望。
关键词:中间投入品 区别定价 纵向关系
Recent Research Progress and a Literature Review of Price Discrimination in Input Market
Yan Yu Jianxin Ren
Abstract: Most of the literature on input price discrimination has focused on the market of the final product. However, in real life, most of the sales are facing intermediate demands, most of the laws and policies of the terms on input price discrimination are focusing on the firm’s behavior in intermediate market. We firstly introduce the basic model of price discrimination in intermediate market and then analysis the extension of the upstream and downstream firms’ basic assumptions of the previous literature. Finally, on the basis of the existing literature, we put forward the suggestions in future research for input price discrimination.
Keywords:Intermediate Goods Price Discrimination Vertical Relationship
JEL Classification: L12 L42
贸易自由化、区域一体化与中国经济空间分割
颜银根
摘 要:本文在新经济地理的框架下构建了一个两国三地区的空间一般均衡模型,研究了贸易自由化、区域一体化对中国经济空间分割的影响。研究结果表明,在封闭经济中区域一体化会促进非农产业集聚以及区域间的贸易,区域一体化造成了地区经济的分异而不是经济分割。贸易自由化作为一种集聚力,促进了非农产业在更加接近国外市场的地区集聚,甚至于会造成本国“贸易顺差” 以及区域间的贸易缩减,从而导致中国经济空间的分割。需要指出的是,地方政府行为造成的地区贸易障碍并不能成为中国经济空间分割的原因。
关键词:贸易自由化 区域经济一体化 经济空间分割
Trade Liberalization, Regional Integration and Segment Economic Space in China
Yingen Yan
Abstract: In this paper, we developed a spatial GEV about two countries with three regions in the framework of New Economic Geography, with which we research how trade liberalization and regional integration affect segment economic space in China. The results include: In a closed economy, regional integration will promote non-agriculture industry agglomeration and trade among regions, and incur regional difference but not segment; Trade liberalization as a agglomerate force, will promote non-agriculture industry agglomeration in the regions where are even more close to foreign market. Besides, trade liberalization also is the reason why inter-national trade "surplus" and intra-national trade dwindle in our country, thus induced segment economic space in China. What we should point is that regional trade barriers arise from local government behavior cannot be the reason for economic segment.
Keywords: Trade Liberalization Regional Integration Economic Spatial Segment
JEL Classification: R12 F15 P21
分区规制的作用机理及社会福利分析
--基于空间一体化的视角
綦勇 黄祎 侯泽敏
摘 要:产业在空间集聚形成的外部性对城市的形成与发展产生重要影响。现有分区规制理论对产业外部性治理研究主要考虑限制工业区范围,以减少工业企业对居民的负外部性。本研究针对我国大城市出现的工业企业迁移现象,基于土地利用-交通-环境空间一体化的视角,在城市-农村形成的线性都市圈模型中,构建土地、交通、环境、人口等要素市场形成的一般均衡,对产业迁移分区规制政策的作用机理及其影响因素进行分析。其中,污染影响随空间变化的差异性考虑在模型中。通过比较静态分析得出,分区规制政策在一定条件下将使居民的效用水平上升;当环境改善带来的效用水平增加值与企业移动产生的通勤费用、交流费用的增加部分相等时决定企业最优选址;只有分区规制、环境税以及为服务业提供补助金等政策同时作用下,才能实现社会福利的最大化。
关键词:分区规制 土地利用 社会福利 空间一体化 企业迁移
On the Mechanism of Zoning Regulation and Social Welfare—Based on the Spatial Integration
Yong Qi Yi Huang Zemin Hou
Abstract:The paper focuses on the phenomenon which has taken place in Chinese large cities that more and more industrial firms are moved outside urban area to improve the environmental condition. A multi-sector urban economic model is developed to examine whether the policy of zoning regulation policy can increase the residents’ welfare. Regarding relocation of industry, a tradeoff exists between increased residents’ utility and increased commuting and communication costs: the optimal enterprise relocation area is that place for which the marginal benefit is equal to the value of the marginal loss. Comparative static analysis shows that the social optimum can be also achieved by undertaking such a relocation policy, levying a tax on the quantity of industrial emissions and giving laborers working at office firms a subsidy that is equal to the land rent increase in the agricultural sector attributable to the increased urban size simultaneously.
Keywords: Zoning Regulations Environmental Policy Social Welfare Spatial Integration Enterprise Migration
JEL Classification: Q53 Q58 R14
什么影响了服务业的生产率?
--一个研究综述
刘丹鹭
摘 要:服务业的生产率是服务业发展和经济增长的核心问题。与有形产品相比,服务产品具有无形性、不可分割性、不可贸易性和异质性等特点,这些特点首先影响了对服务业的计量、知识创新、规模集聚、政府监管和全球化等问题,从而影响了服务业的生产率。本文通过对这几方面的文献梳理,对影响服务业生产率因素的相关研究做了全面的综述。
关键词:服务业 生产率 影响因素
What Determines Productivity of Service Industry: A Literature Survey
Danlu Liu
Abstract:Productivity of service industry is one of the key problems on economic growth and development of service industry. Services are intangible, inseparable, non-tradable and heterogeneous goods compared with physical goods. These features affect measurements of services and influence innovation, agglomeration, regulation and globalization of services that may impact productivity at different level. Based on several features of services, this paper surveys and evaluates recent work addressing the determinants of productivity of service industry.
Keywords: Service Industry Productivity Determinants
JEL Classification: L80 D24
科技投入、银行信贷与产业结构升级
段军山 宋贺
摘 要:产业结构升级需要科技投入和信贷的支持,针对中国68个大中城市的数据利用面板计量模型实证发现,短期看,科技投入促进产业结构升级的影响不显著,银行信贷总体没有促进产业结构优化,短期来看,财政科技投入并没有完全投入到新兴产业和高科技产业;产业结构提升能显著带动科技的投入;银行信贷和科技投入促进产业结构升级的滞后效应比较明显;银行信贷对科技创新投入比较规避,科技投入很难从银行融资。
关键词:银行信贷 科技投入 产业结构升级
Investment in Science and Technology, Banking Credit and Industrial Structure Upgrading
Junshan Duan He Song
Abstract: This paper using panel data econometric model for the 68 large and medium cities in China in order to empirical findings. the first, Short-term investment in science and technology to promote industrial upgrading is not significant, overall bank credit is not to promote industrial structure optimization. In the short term, the Financial Technology inputs did not completely into new industries and high-tech industries; the second, upgrading the industrial structure can significantly driven by investment in science and technology. the third,bank credit and investment in science and technology promote industrial upgrading lag effect is more obvious. the forth, Bank credit is aversion of Technology innovation investment, investment in science and technology is difficult to financing from the bank.
Keywords:Bank Credit Science and Technology Investment Industrial Upgrading
JEL Classification: C23 E62 L16