双边市场的定性判断与定量识别:一个综述
傅联英 骆品亮
摘 要:双边市场是产业组织理论的新前沿,但目前尚缺乏统一的判断标准,导致双边市场概念在现实中有被滥用或误用的倾向,不利于双边平台企业商业模式的设计及相关规制政策的制定。本文从判别条件与识别方法两方面对双边市场进行正本清源:首先,强调了辨识双边市场的重要性及其难点;然后,对“价格结构非中性说”与“交叉网络外部性说”进行比较分析,明确了双边市场的根本特征,进而提出两项定性判断基准;最后,系统论述了定量识别双边市场的检验方法。本文认为,交叉网络外部性是双边市场的标识特征;据此遵循逻辑演绎与实证检验相结合的策略,采用改进的结构化计量模型与归属曲线模型辨识双边市场可以满足理论基础的坚实性、因果效应的可识别性和计量模型的适切性。
关键词:双边市场 定性判断 定量识别
Qualitative Judgment and Quantitative Identification for Two-sided Markets: A Progress Survey
Lianying Fu Pinliang Luo
Abstract: Given the overusage and misusage of two-sided markets as well as the misleading points among business entities and authorities, some clarifications about judgement and identification are desperately needed. Firstly, this article stresses the importance of identifying two-sided markets and finds out two main difficulties in identification. Then, this article carries out a comparative study on the non-neutrality hypothesis of price structure and the cross-network externalities hypothesis, concluding the essentially defining characteristics for two-sided markets as well as four criteria of identification. On this basis, this article illustrates the empirical strategy and testing methods for the identification of two-sided markets systematically. In our view, the cross-network externalities distinguish two-sided markets. Combined logic illustration with empirical testing, both the structural econometric model and the attachment curves model meet the demands for theoretical credibility, identification of causality and the statistical adequacy.
Keywords: Two-sided Markets Qualitative Judgment Quantitative Identification
JEL Classification:L11 L22 L40
企业横向竞争行为与其买方势力关系研究
——以钢铁产业为背景
郁培丽 朱建峰石俊国
摘 要:本文以钢铁产业为背景,在假设下游钢铁企业存在“外部选择权”的前提下,用市场份额作为中间变量将企业横向竞争行为与买方势力建立联系,构建企业横向竞争行为与买方势力关系模型,研究企业横向竞争行为对企业买方势力的影响。研究表明:提高生产效率、提高产品横向差异化水平与纵向差异化水平都可以提高企业的市场占有率,并进而提高其在供应品市场的买方势力。本文对于理解钢铁企业纵向关系提供了新的视角,对于当前我国钢铁企业如何提高在铁矿石市场的买方势力,增强产业核心竞争力具有指导意义,对于钢铁企业制定战略决策及国家规划相关产业政策具有一定的参考意义。
关键词:买方势力 铁矿石市场 横向竞争 市场份额 竞争行为
Horizontal Competitive Behaviors and Buyer Power:Based on Iron and Steel Industry
Peili Yu Jianfeng Zhu Junguo Shi
Abstract: This paper takes the iron and steel industry as background and assumes that downstream steel enterprises exist “external selecting right”. Under this premise, we set up a relationship model between horizontal competitive behaviors and buyer power by using market share as an intermediate variable. Research results suggest that it can improve its product market share and enhance market buyer power if firms improve their horizontal competitive ability, including productivity and product differentiation. This research has guiding significance for the current domestic steel enterprises to improve buyer power in the iron ore market and to enhance the core competitiveness of industries. It also has certain reference significance for iron and steel enterprises’ strategic decision and related national planning industrial policy.
Keywords: Buyer Power Iron Ore Market Horizontal Competitive Market Share Competitive Behaviors
JEL Classification: L11 L13 L14
国企组织行为与中国经济增长
——基于内生性制度特征的解释
张英杰 万燕鸣
摘 要:内生性制度特征下的国企组织行为不仅为我们提供了一个近距离理解中国经济增长的视角,而且事关中国经济转型能否取得最终的成功。本文通过对国有企业改革的两个层次——宏观国资管理体制及微观经营方式的把握来理解中国经济增长:政府可以通过国有经济的控制力实现对国民经济的间接作用从而提高宏观经济效率;国有企业的组织行为在实现中国经济转型及增长方式转变过程中具有效率增进的性质,有助于理解中国经济增长的路径。本文认为,国有企业改革两个层次的协调推进是经济结构调整及公司治理机制发挥实效的关键。
关键词:国有企业 内生性制度特征 组织行为 经济增长
Organizational Behavior of State-owned Business and Economic Growth of China
Yingjie Zhang Yanming Wan
Abstract: Organizational behavior under characteristics of endogenous institution of state-owned business not only gives us a way to understand economic growth of China, but also determines whether the economic transition of China succeeds or not. Two aspects of reformation of state-owned business are analyzed in this paper: management mechanism from macro sight and types of operation from micro sight. The efficiency of macro economy can be improved through the governments’ control of state-owned business indirectly; organizational behavior of state-owned business can also be favorable to economic transition through efficiency improvement. And this contributes to the understanding of China’s economic growth path. The coordination between the two aspects is the key to adjust economical structure and govern mechanism of corporation.
Keywords: State-Owned Business Characteristics of Endogenous Institution Organizational Behavior Economic Growth
JEL Classification:F23 L72
知识产权保护、剩余索取权与长期经济增长
李勇 王满仓
摘 要:基于现有文献对于知识产权与经济增长关系的争议,本文对Sun & Lio(1996)的内生投资品种类数分工模型进行了拓展,通过剩余索取权的变化探讨了知识产权保护水平与长期经济增长之间的非线性关系。我们认为:在交易效率较低,分工经济尚未充分展开的经济发展早期阶段,投资品的生产远离世界技术前沿,那么有利于“模仿创新”投资品生产的模糊知识产权保护将实现一定的经济增长;但随着交易效率的演进和分工经济的充分展开,投资品的生产将逐渐接近世界技术前沿并进一步导致“模仿创新”促进经济增长的作用逐渐下降。如果没有知识产权保护水平的改进,传统的经济增长模式将面临增长停滞以及“中等收入陷阱”,那么提高知识产权保护水平,并使之有利于“自主创新”投资品生产将成为实现持续经济增长的必然选择。
关键词:知识产权保护 剩余索取权交易效率 中等收入陷阱长期经济增长
Intellectual Property Rights, Residual Claimant Rights and Long Economic Growth
Yong Li Mancang Wang
Abstract: Owing to the controversial between intellectual property rights and long economic growth, this paper makes an extension in Sun and Lio(1996) that endogenous variety of producer goods, and then discusses the nonlinear relationship between intellectual property rights and long economic growth in terms of the varies of residual claimant rights. The conclusion is that: when the trading efficiency is low, the production of investment goods is far from the world’s technical frontier, so the fuzzy intellectual property protection that is convenience to imitation can realize the reasonable economic growth. However, as the trading efficiency and the level of market varies, the production of imitation will satisfy the principle of diminishing marginal returns due to the weakening role of technical diffusion. As a result, the lowering economic growth and middle-income trap are inevitable if there is no change. That is to say, in the premise of deepening market-oriented economy, it’s necessary for us to improve the level of intellectual property rights which is convenience to the production of innovation, only this can we sustain the long economic growth finally.
Keywords: Intellectual Property Rights Residual Claimant Rights Trading Efficiency Middle-Income Trap Long Economic Growth
JEL Classification: E10 F43
失业保险合同设计
——基于“道德风险”和“逆向选择”的分析
张雷 姚志勇
摘 要:本文旨在设计激励相容的最优失业保险合同,以解决因信息不对称引发的“道德风险”和“逆向选择”问题。针对工作搜寻中的“道德风险”问题,最优动态合同让失业者获得的失业保险金随失业期延长而递减,其再就业后的失业保险税随失业期的延长而递增。针对强制保险中出现的“逆向选择”或“交叉补贴”问题,本文设计了自我选择的合同,把不同类型失业者区分开,避免了不同类型的失业者冒充或补贴其他类型失业者。在此基础上,本文对完善现行失业保险制度提出了政策建议。
关键词:失业保险 道德风险 逆向选择 激励相容
Unemployment Insurance Design:An Analysis Based on Moral Hazard and Adverse Selection
Lei Zhang Zhiyong Yao
Abstract: This article attempts to design optimal unemployment insurance contracts, in order to avoid moral hazard and adverse selection problems due to information asymmetry. To fight against the moral hazard in job searching, the optimal dynamic contract links the compensation and the unemployment insurance tax to the unemployment spell, the compensation is decreasing but the tax is increasing with respect to the spell. To prevent adverse selection or cross subsidization, self-selection contracts are implemented to distinguish different types, to avoid one type to mimic or to subsidize the others. Based on the theoretical analysis, we offer policy implications to improve the current unemployment insurance system.
Keywords:Unemployment Insurance Moral Hazard Adverse Selection Incentive Compatibility
JEL Classification: D31 D63 D82 J65
横向并购评估审查中效率抗辩研究综述
余东华 刘晓燕
摘 要: 横向并购可能给参与并购的企业带来成本节约,产生效率效应;同时,也可能提高并购企业在相关市场上的市场势力,产生反竞争效应,损害其他企业或消费者的利益。横向并购评估审查中的效率抗辩是指,并购企业只要能够证实成本节约的效率效应能够抵消反竞争效应进而增进社会总福利水平,就可以获得反垄断当局的批准。效率抗辩的主要分析框架是“威廉姆森替换”,常用的福利标准主要包括消费者福利标准和社会总福利标准。效率抗辩中最为常用的效率因素分析方法是逐案分析、一般推定或序贯决策方法。
关键词:并购评估审查 效率抗辩 福利标准 威廉姆森替换
A Review on the Research of Efficiency Defense in Horizontal Merger Assessment
Donghua Yu Xiaoyan Liu
Abstract: On the one hand, horizontal merger might bring cost savings to the firms which participate in mergers and generate efficiency effects. On the other hand, it might improve the market power in relevant market and produce anti-competitive effects. The efficiency defense in horizontal merger assessment means that as long as the merger business is able to confirm the efficiency effects of the cost savings and prove the efficiency effects can offset the anti-competitive effects and thus enhance the level of total social welfare, the antitrust authorities would approve the merger. The analytical framework of efficiency defense is “Williamson tradeoff” and the common welfare standards in the efficiency defense are consumer welfare standards and social welfare standards. The most commonly analysis methods used in efficiency defense are the case-by-case analysis, the general presumption method and the “sequential” method.
Keywords: Horizontal Merger Assessment Efficiency Defense Welfare Standards Williamson Tradeoff
JEL Classification: L52 K21
中国制造企业规模分布的演化特征:产业生命周期视角的研究
陈艳莹 田高峰 王丽
摘 要:利用我国制造企业2003-2008年数据,依次对我国制造业生命周期演化过程中员工、产值和资产规模分布的动态变化进行了观察。发现伴随生命周期演化,我国制造业企业平均规模先升后降,企业规模异质性和产业集中度不断上升。进一步实证检验还表明规模分布的变化幅度受产业中企业净进入率影响,企业进入越明显,企业平均规模变动越小,而规模异质性以及产业集中度的上升则越快。
关键词:企业规模分布 产业生命周期 制造业
Industry Life-cycle Evolution and Firm Size Distribution: An Empirical Research Based on China’s Manufacturing Industry
Yanyin Chen Gaofeng Tian Li Wang
Abstract: By using Chinese manufacturing firms’ employment, output value and assets data from 2003 to 2008, this paper observes the dynamics of firm size distribution as the industry goes through stages of life-cycle. The results indicate that along industry’s evolution, average firm size increases first and then decreases, the degree of firm size heterogeneity always increase, as well as industry concentration. Moreover, empirical test also shows changes of firm size distribution are affected by industry’s net firm entry rate. When the rate is higher, firm heterogeneity and industry concentration raises faster, but average firm size raises more slowly.
Keywords: Firm Size Distribution Industry Life-cycle Evolution Manufacturing Industry
JEL Classification: F23 L72
基于因子和聚类分析的区域生产性服务业发展的主因素识别及发展水平聚类研究—以山东省为例
范陈玉 许如贞 朱孔山
摘 要:生产性服务业的发展受众多因素的影响,识别影响生产性服务业发展的主要因素是研究生产性服务业发展规律和制定生产性服务业发展政策的基础。在分析影响生产性服务业因素的基础上,利用因子分析法,提取影响生产性服务业发展的主因子,从而确定影响生产性服务业发展的主要因素,并基于生产性性服务业的主因子的分析对区域生产性服务业发展水平进行聚类分析,通过聚类分析发现区域生产性服务业的发展情况,提出促进区域生产性服务业发展对策。文章以山东省17个地市的生产性服务业为研究对象,通过实证分析发现:综合实力是生产性服务业发展的主要影响因素,同时收入消费和外部经济因子的影响也不可忽视;山东17个地市的生产性服务业的发展水平各异,可以分成四类。
关键词:生产性服务业 因子分析 聚类分析
Study on Producer service Based on Factor and Cluster Analysis
——An Example of Shandong Province
Chenyu Fan Ruzhen Xu Kongshan Zhu
Abstract: The development of producer services is influenced by a number of factors. Identify the main factors which affect the development of producer services is the foundation of the studying producer services’ development law and the making development policy for producer services. Based on the analysis of factors which influence the development of producer services, this article uses factor analysis to extract the main factors affecting the development of producer services, so identify the main factors affecting the development of producer services; further more, in order to propose measures promoting producer services development, the article uses cluster analysis to study producer services development level in sub-regional. Take 17 cities of Shandong province as examples, we found the comprehensive strength of the economic and social development are the main factors which influence the development of producer services, income and consumption, and the impact of external economic factors can not be ignored ; 17 cities in Shandong the development level of the producer service are different, which can be divided into four categories。
Keywords:Producer Service Factor Analysis Cluster Analysis
JEL Classification: L80 O14
基于SNA的浙中城市群空间经济结构演变的网络特征分析
崔大树 樊晏
摘 要:运用社会网络分析方法,对浙中城市群空间经济结构演变的网络特征进行了分析,结果为:浙中城市群整体结构趋于紧密;城市群内部个体间相互交流增多;核心-边缘结构始终显著。基于以上结果,对浙中城市群空间经济结构动态演变的影响因素进行分析,认为:制度因素是浙中城市群空间结构形成发展的根本动因,经济发展水平的提升是浙中城市群空间结构演变的主要动力,产业集聚与扩散作用推动了浙中城市群空间结构优化。并给出了浙中城市群下一阶段的发展建议。
关键词:社会网络分析 城市群 空间结构
The Network Features of Spatial Economical Structure of the Urban Agglomeration of Mid-Zhejiang Based on SNA
Dashu Cui Yan Fan
Abstract: Based on the social network analysis tools, this paper analyzed the network features of spatial structure of the urban agglomeration of Mid-Zhejiang. The result is as follows: The whole network density increases year by year; the interaction between cities in the urban agglomeration strengthens; the spacial structure is still the core-periphery structure. Then this paper tries to find the influential factors of spatial economical structure of the urban agglomeration of Mid-Zhejiang and draws a conclusion that the administration factor is the fundamental reason, the upgrading of the level of economic development is the main power, and the agglomeration and diffusion effect optimize the spatial structure. Moreover, we give the suggestions of next stage development of urban agglomeration of Mid-Zhejiang.
Keywords: SNA Urban Agglomeration Spatial Structure
JEL Classification:F23 L72