网络效应、盗版与信息商品定制捆绑
杨剑侠
摘 要:正网络效应和盗版威胁并存是我国近年来网络信息商品销售的主要特征。基于这些主要特征,本文运用可实现预期合同理论和修正的“宏观分析方法”对正版信息商品垄断销售公司的定制捆绑定价策略进行了探讨。研究表明,当仅存在正网络效应时,垄断公司可以通过制定最优可实现预期定制捆绑合同来增加自身的利润。而当正网络效应与盗版并存时,垄断公司可以制定阻止盗版的定价策略。然而由于此时制定的捆绑价格过低,使得公司付出了过多的阻止盗版的成本,从而遭受了利润损失。
关键词:网络效应,盗版,信息商品定制捆绑
Network Effects, Piracy and Customized Bundling
of Internet Information Goods
Yang Jianxia
Abstract:The positive network effects and piracy are two primary characteristics of the information goods in Chinese internet markets. Based on the theory of fulfilled-expectations contract and adjusted ‘macro’ approach of network effects, this paper investigates the customized bundling policies of copyrighted information goods of monopolist in the presence of these two characteristics. When there are only positive network effects, the optimal fulfilled-expectations contract can enhance the profit of the monopolist who sells customized bundles of the copyrighted information goods. However, when there are in the presence of both network effects and piracy, the monopolist can deter the piracy by specific pricing strategy. Since such a strategy requires a relatively low price, the monopolist entails too much cost for deterring piracy. Namely, the optimal piracy-deterred contract will let the monopolist entail the loss of profit.
Keywords:Network Effects; Piracy; Customized Bundling Of Information Goods
“颤抖”蜈蚣博弈
胡晓娟 秦承忠 Perry Shapiro
摘 要: 我们应用Selten(1975)的“颤抖手”模型解决逆向归纳所导致的 Rosenthal(1981)蜈蚣博弈一个悖论结果。在给定颤抖的情况下,该颤抖蜈蚣博弈的子博弈精炼均衡遵循一种唯一的行为模式。最后,我们还引进了内生 “颤抖” 并证明了这种内生颤抖可以增强博弈结果的效率。
关键词: 蜈蚣博弈 子博弈精炼均衡 颤抖手模型
“Trembling” Centipede Game
Hu Xiaojuan Qin Chengzhong Perry Shapiro
Abstract:We apply Selten(1975)trembling hand model to resolve a paradoxical outcome led by backward induction for the centipede game of Rosenthal(1981). We show that, given trembles, the subgame-perfect equilibria for the trembling centipede follow a unique pattern. We model endogenous trembles and we show that they induce the players to play the centipede game more efficiently.
Keywords:Centipede; Subgame-Perfect Equilibrium; Trembling Hand Model
JEL Classification: C72 C79
我国是否迎来了二元经济的拐点?
南开大学产业经济课题组
摘 要:2000年来的“民工荒”和2009年出现的“返乡潮”现象引起了国内学术界关于我国经济是否通过了刘易斯拐点的激烈争论。本文从农业经济学角度出发认为农业内的不同行业和不同地区的农业存在着较大的二元结构差异。本文根据农业的六个行业和东中西三个区域的测算,得出了散养猪、牛、羊和奶牛等畜牧品种还没有通过二元经济的第一个拐点,仍然存在着剩余劳动力;主粮和杂粮生产通过了二元经济的“短缺点”,但是距“商业化点”拐点尚远;而经济作物生产已经通过了二元经济的“商业化”拐点。从不同区域来看,东部地区的种植业生产已经通过或者接近二元经济的“商业化”拐点,但是中部和西部经济发展水平相对落后,距“商业化点”尚有距离。
关键词:农业;二元经济拐点;二元结构系数;三大区域
Do China’s Dual Economic Turning-Points Come?
Research Group Of Industrial Economy, Nankai University
Abstract: The "shortage of migrant workers" in 2000 and "home boom" in 2009's phenomenon urged by the domestic academics of China if through the Lewis turning point, and this is the issue of heated debate. In this paper, from another point of view, there are differences between agriculture in different industries and different regions of the dual structure of agriculture. According to the calculations in this article, the bulk of China's pig, cattle, sheep cows, and other livestock have not been the first dual economy through a turning point. There are still redundant labor, staple food grains production and a dual economy through the first turning point. However, the turning point from the second, far from it; and economic crop production has already passed the second turning point in the dual economy, the production process to follow the market mechanism and the principle of profit maximization. Measuring results in different regions of the eastern part for the production of crops has passed close to a dual economy or the second turning point, but the central and western regions were lagging behind the level of economic development, there is a turning point from the second distance.
Keywords:Dual Economy; Inflection Point In Economic; Imbalance Of Regional Development; Agricultural Industry
JEL Classification: O10 J20 J60
服务业产业集聚与劳动生产率增长
——基于中国省级面板数据的实证研究
原毅军 宋洋
摘 要:产业集聚划分为专业化集聚和多样化集聚两种形式。不同的集聚结构产生的集聚效应不同,本文以劳动生产率为视角,采用面板数据考察我国服务业集聚结构的集聚效应。实证结果表明,1996年~2008年,专业化集聚效应显著为正,多样化集聚效应显著为负。此外,两种集聚结构下,华东地区的集聚效应都排在所有地区的首位,华中地区的排序都较为靠后。
关键词:服务业产业集聚;集聚结构;产业集聚效应
Services Agglomeration and the Growth of Services Productivity
——The Empirical Research Based on the Panel Data of Province in China
Yuan Yijun Song Yang
Abstract:There are two structures of industrial agglomeration academically, which are localization agglomeration and urbanization agglomeration. Different structures make different effects, this paper examines the influence of two agglomeration structures on labor productivity of services in China. The results show that the agglomeration effects under two structures are just on the contrary from 1996~2008, the localization agglomeration effect is significantly positive, whereas the urbanization agglomeration effect is significantly negative. In addition, in regional comparison under two structures, the effects in East China are higher than that of in other regions, the effects in Central China are lower than other regions relatively.
Keywords: Services Agglomeration; Agglomeration Structure; Industrial Agglomeration Effects
JEL Classification: L80 R11 R12
拍卖中的合谋与腐败研究综述
王宏 周勤
摘 要:标准拍卖理论不考虑合谋和腐败问题,而实际上合谋和腐败对于拍卖结果(包括配置效率,竞标策略,参与者收益等)有重要影响,其在现实的拍卖过程中也是广泛存在的。最近研究拍卖中合谋和腐败问题的文献越来越多,目前的理论研究主要关注了各种不同形式的合谋和腐败对于拍卖结果的影响,合谋与腐败之间的相互关系,对合谋与腐败的侦测与控制,防范合谋与反腐败的最优机制设计;经验研究和实验研究主要对于理论研究中的一些主要结论进行了验证。本文主要对现有的拍卖中合谋与腐败研究进行了综述,并展望了未来的研究方向。
关键词:拍卖 合谋与腐败 机制设计
Collusion and Corruption in Auctions: A Survey
Wang Hong Zhou Qin
Abstract: The standard auction theory does not consider the issue of collusion and corruption, while in fact collusion and corruption have significant impact on auction outcome (including allocation efficiency, bidding strategy, participants’ revenue and etc.) and they are ubiquitous in real auction process. Recently there are more and more literatures paying attention to the collusion and corruption in auction. Theoretical research focus on the effects of different collusion and corruption schemes on the auction outcomes, the link between collusion and corruption, the detection and control on collusion and corruption, the optimal mechanism design of collusion-proof and anti-corruption auctions; while empirical and experimental analysis concentrate on the verification of the main conclusion stem from theoretical research. The aim of this paper is to give a general literature review on these important topics and investigate some collusion-proof and anti-corruption measures. We also put forward some future research avenues.
Keywords: Auction; Collusion and Corruption; Mechanism Design
JEL Classification: D44 L29 C73
中国农村集体组织耕地保护行为研究
—基于奥尔森集体行动理论的分析
任旭峰
摘 要:奥尔森集体行动逻辑和共容利益理论双向解释了集体组织在集体物品提供中的行为方式。耕地保护具有公共物品性质,表现出正向外部性特征。但因我国农村集体组织不符合奥尔森集体行动条件且税费改革后农村集体组织、乡村干部与农户之间的共容利益缺失,造成农户主动性耕地保护供给偏离社会最优数量,集体组织和乡村干部利益追求存在去耕地保护现象。促进耕地流转,实施选择性激励,重构农村共容组织,加大国家支持力度将是我国耕地保护政策调整方向,也是落实基本国策,实现耕地保护目标的重要保障。
关键词:集体行动 共容利益 农村集体组织 耕地保护
The Study of the Rural Collective Behavior of Cultivated Land Protection in China: An Analysis Based on the Theory of Collective Action of Olson
Ren Xufeng
Abstract: The theories of the logic of collective action and the encompassing interests which were provided by Olson have two-way capacity of organizations to explain the collective goods provision in the collective behavior. With the public goods nature,cultivated land protection shows the positive externality. But the rural collective action does not meet the conditions of Olson and tax reform of rural collective organizations, village cadres and farmers lack of encompassing interests after taxes and fees reform, resulting in farmers initiative supply of cultivated land protection deviating socially optimal amount and the existing phenomenon of getting rid of the protection of cultivated land in the pursuit of interests from the rural collective and village cadres. For land transfer, the implementation of selective incentives, the reconstruction of rural encompassing organizations and the increase state support will be the direction of policy adjustment for cultivated land protection in China, and also will be guarantee to implement the basic national policy and achieve the important goal of cultivated land protection.
Keywords: Collective Action; Encompassing Interests; Rural Collective; Cultivated Land Protection
JEL Classification: Q24 D79 K11
企业寻租、环境污染与规制优化:一个两阶段博弈分析
熊艳 王岭
摘 要:环境污染限制着产业绿色竞争力的提升,同时也制约着整体社会福利的提高。目前我国治理、监测、检测环境污染的有关法律法规仍然存在一定程度的空白、欠缺及其不足,这为“生产”污染的企业向地方环保局寻租提供可能。寻租会带来一定的社会福利损失,因此各个国家、各级政府都在特定法律法规的指导下,加大力度打击企业的寻租行为。鉴于此,笔者从寻租视角对环境污染问题进行分析,试图解析地方环保局为什么要设租,企业为什么要寻租,即企业寻租的影响因素问题,并以此为基础,提出降低环境污染水平的对策与建议。
关键词:地方环保局 环境污染 排污企业 寻租 博弈
Enterprise Rent-Seeking, Environmental Pollution And Regulation Optimization: A Two-Stage Game Analysis
Xiong Yan Wang Ling
Abstract: The environmental pollution limits the industry to enhance green competitiveness, but also restricts the overall social welfare. At present, the environmental pollution laws and regulations of the management, monitoring, and the detection are still a certain degree of space and lack in china, which may provide the chance to seek rent to the local environmental protection agency for the "production” pollution enterprises. The rent-seeking will bring some loss of social welfare, so each country and governments at all levels increase efforts to crack down on corporate rent-seeking behavior under the guidance of specific laws and regulations. In view of this, the author analyzes the environmental problems from the perspective of rent-seeking, attempting to resolve why the local environmental protection bureau tries to set up the rent and why enterprises want to seek the rent, that is, the influence factors of the rent-seeking of enterprises and on this basis puts forward countermeasures and suggestions to lower environmental pollution.
Keywords:Local Environmental Protection Bureau;Environmental Pollution; Sewage Company;Rent-Seeking;Game
JEL Classification: C73 L59 Q53
市场结构、碳污染与政府规制
汤吉军
摘 要:虽然在大多数情况下完全竞争优于完全垄断,但是如果发生了市场失灵,对社会来说完全垄断就优于完全竞争。为此,本文从市场结构角度探讨碳污染外部性的福利效果,重新考察庇古税和科斯定理作用的约束条件。虽然我们依据完全竞争市场与负外部性会得到产生过多污染的结论,其解决方法是征收等于外部性的边际社会成本的税收,但这并不适用于不完全竞争市场,甚至是错误的。这样,从负外部性角度看,我们发现不竞争市场结构可能产生高于或低于社会最优水平的产出和碳污染,虽然通过征税让企业负外部性内部化,竞争性市场的产量就是社会最优的水平,但这并不适合不完全竞争市场。因此,我们需要将市场势力、产权和庇古税有机结合起来,才能更现实地解决负外部性问题。
关键词:市场结构;碳污染;不完全竞争;科斯定理
Market Structure,Carbon Pollution,and Government Regulation
Tang Jijun
Abstract:The paper is to analyze the negative environment externalities in terms of imperfect market structure beyond the perfect market.Based on the traditional perfect market in the neoclassic economics,we show that both Coasian theorem(property right)and Piguian taxation(government intervention) have a great positive effect on the firm productions.However,because of the existence of both theories,which is implied by the perfect market,they tell us about the resolution to negative pollution externalities.Once we introduce imperfect market structure,including monopoly,oligopoly,and monopolistic competition,etc,we compare the welfare level under the negative pollution externalities.In principle by means of market structure we provide the solutions to the externalities regulation,that is,taxation,property right,and market structure to resolve the general externalities.
Keywords:Market Structure; CO2 Pollution; Imperfect Competition; Property Right
JEL Classification:D40 D80 L14
实物经济与虚拟经济互动的价值流转模型
——基于马克思主义经济学的理论建构
刘 刚 刘冠军
摘 要:我国理论界关于“实体经济与虚拟经济互动”的提法存在概念模糊与逻辑混乱,原因在于其中的两个概念分别属于两个不同的理论体系,前者是西方经济学中的成熟概念,而后者则是一个源自马克思的中国经济学概念,因此在马克思主义经济学的统一框架内应当确立“实物经济与虚拟经济互动”的命题,并基于中国经济学界基本共识重新界定实物经济和虚拟经济这对范畴。以此为基础,构建起“实物经济与虚拟经济互动”的价值流转模型。通过对这一模型关于纵向和横向的平衡关系的考察,以价值流转为主题讨论实物经济与虚拟经济之间的互动关系,解析经济虚拟性所引发的经济安全问题,提高相关政策研究的定量化和针对性。
关键词:虚拟经济 实物经济 实体经济 价值流转模型 马克思主义经济学
The “Value Circulation” Model on the Interaction between Physical Economy and Fictitious Economy: A Theoretical Construction Based on Marxism Economics
Liu Gang Liu Guanjun
Abstract: The wording of “the interaction between real economy and fictitious economy” from Chinese academic, cause concept blurs and logic confusions, the reason lies in that the two concepts belong to two different theoretical system separately, the former is a mature concept in the western economics, but the latter is an Chinese economics concept from Marx, then we should establish the proposition of “the interaction between physical economy and fictitious economy” in the unified frame of Marxism economics, and define the double categories of physical economy and fictitious economy based on the common senses of Chinese academic. Take this as the foundation, we construct the value circulation model on “the interaction between real economy and fictitious economy”. Based on the inspection on transverse and longitudinal balanced relations of the mode, taking the value circulation as the mean mind, we discuss the interactional relationship between physical economy and fictitious economy, and interpret the economical security problem caused by the economic fictitious attribute, to advance the quantification and pertinence of the relevant policy research.
Keywords: Fictitious Economy; Physical Economy; Real Economy; the Value Circulation Model; Marxist Economics
JEL Classification: B51 P16