中国工业企业规模分布的特征事实:齐夫定律的视角
方明月 聂辉华
摘 要:基于发达国家企业样本的研究表明,企业的总体规模分布会服从齐夫定律,其齐夫系数近似于1。利用1999-2005年中国全部国有和规模以上工业企业数据库,以销售额作为度量企业规模的主要指标,本文第一次对中国企业的总体规模分布进行了经验检验。我们发现,中国工业企业总体规模分布偏离了齐夫定律,国有企业是导致偏离的主要原因。国有企业的进入壁垒导致国企规模分布偏离齐夫分布,而国有企业的退出壁垒对国企规模分布的影响方向不确定,这取决于政府行政干预的方式。国企和民企之间斯塔克伯格式的序贯竞争格局导致市场竞争效应不显著,从而导致国企规模分布偏离了齐夫分布。
关键词:企业规模,齐夫定律,国有企业,民营企业
The Stylized Facts of Size Distribution of China Manufacturing Industries: A Perspective of Zipf's Law
Fang Mingyue Nie Huihua
Abstract:The studies based on developed economies indicate that the total size distribution of enterprises should abide by Zipf’s law whose coefficient is 1. Using the sample of China large and medium-size manufacturing enterprises (LMEs), measuring the size with sales of enterprises, this paper firstly tests the total size distribution of Chinese enterprises. We find out that the total size distribution deviates Zipf’s distribution mainly due to the existence of State-owned enterprises (SOEs). The barriers to entry in industries induce SOEs’ deviation, but the barriers to exit has ambiguous effects on SOEs’ deviation which depends on the way of government intervention. What’s more, the sequential competition between SOEs and private enterprises weakens competition effect, which further leads to SOE’s deviation.
Keywords: Enterprise Size Zipf’s Law State-Owned Enterprise Private Enterprise
JEL Classifications: D40 L11 L52
纵向企业网络理论研究进展述评
陈艳莹 姜彬彬 夏一平
摘 要: 专业化和模块化生产的兴起加剧企业间竞争,上下游企业间的松散合作受到广泛关注。学术界开始利用纵向企业网络理论对这一现象进行分析。本文从纵向企业网络的概念界定、形成、稳定性及其社会福利水平的影响四个方面对纵向企业网络的相关研究文献进行综述,指出了现有研究的不足,并对纵向企业网络理论的深入研究做出展望。
关键词: 纵向企业网络;形成;稳定性;社会福利
A Research and Review on Vertical Enterprise Network Theory
Chen Yanying Jiang Binbin Xia Yiping
Abstract: The competition between enterprises becomes fiercer with the growing trends of specialization and modularization, which makes cooperation between upstream and downstream enterprises an economic phenomenon that attracts many scholars attention. The economists begin their analysis on this phenomenon using Vertical Enterprise Network Theory, which is still new to us. In this paper we research and review on the related works on Vertical Enterprise Network Theory, specialized in its concept definition, formation, stability and its effects on the social welfare, and in the end of the paper we have an expectation on later research on Vertical Enterprise Network Theory.
Keywords: vertical enterprise network; formation; stability; social welfare
JEL Classification: L14 L22
“最小差异化原则”还是“最大差异化原则”?—兼论Hotelling模型及其发展
高建刚
摘 要:自Hotelling模型于1929年发表以来,空间竞争理论获得了长足的发展,与之有关的文献非常丰富和繁多。本文所进行的工作主要包括两个方面:第一,详细说明了“最小差异化原则”和“最大差异化原则”的由来;第二,对这两种原则的争论进行了较为详细的文献回顾和综述。希望通过这两个方面的论述,可以勾勒出Hotelling模型及其空间竞争理论发展的一些轮廓,以期人们能够管窥Hotelling模型发展的一些方向和面貌。
关键词:Hotelling模型 最小差异化原则 最大差异化原则空间竞争理论
Principle of Minimum Differentiation or that of Maximum Differentiation——On the Hotelling Model and Its Development
Gao Jiangang
Abstract:The spatial competition has made much progress since the Hotelling model was published in 1929. And relevant literature is very abundant and diverse. The work carried out in this paper mainly includes two aspects: firstly, the origin of both the “principle of minimum differentiation” and “principle of maximum differentiation” has been explained in detail. Secondly,the literature on the argument of these two principles has been sorted out and reviewed . It is expected that people can sketch out the contours of development of Hotelling model and spatial competition with two aspects of the discussion mentioned above. As a result, people can glimpse the direction and outlook of the development of some of the Hotelling model.
Keywords:Hotelling Model Principle of Minimum Differentiation Principle of Maximum Differentiation Spatial Competition Theory
JEL classification:D43 D52 O31
网上拍卖研究的进展
雷波 冯中越
摘 要:随着网上拍卖成为商品交易方式的流行趋势,其也日渐成为学者们研究的热点。本文回顾了近年来国内外关于网上拍卖领域的研究现状,主要涉及竞买者竞价行为、卖方策略、立即购买权、拍卖机制、平行市场和外部选择权等问题,并指出了网上拍卖的平行市场、信誉机制以及第三方支付平台等进一步的研究方向。
关键词:网上拍卖 立即购买权 平行市场 信誉机制
The Development of Online Auctions Research
Lei Bo Feng Zhongyue
Abstract:The study on online auctions is becoming a focus of many researchers because online auctions are the most popular way of current trading. In this article, we provide an overview of some of the theoretical and empirical literature about online auctions, including the research about bidder behavior、the strategy of seller、the buy-now option、auction mechanism、parallel markets and outside options etc.. Furthermore, we present some fields that are worth exploring in depth, such as parallel auctions、reputation mechanism、payment manner, and so on.
Keywords: Online Auction Buy-now Option Parallel Market Reputation Mechanism
JEL Classification: D40 D44 L81
经济转型期不确定背景下的政府规制模式优化
胡德宝
摘 要:中国正处于经济转型期,由于改革的本质和人类的有限理性,经济生活中存在大量的不确定性,而且政府规制也呈现出转型期间的特殊性。本文对不确定条件下政府规制机构及垄断企业的决策进行了博弈分析,并在分析垄断企业及消费者规避不确定性风险的基础上,研究了规制方式与不确定性之间的关系。最终总结了研究结论,并提出了动态优化规制模式、降低消费者不确定感的政策建议。
关键词:经济转型 政府规制 动态博弈 风险规避
The Optimization of Governmental Regulation Model under the Background of Uncertainty during Economic Transformation Period
Hu Debao
Abstract: China is at the corner of economic transformation, for the sake of fundamental characters and bounded rationality of human rights, there are plenty of uncertainties in the economy, and the governmental regulations reveal specialties of economic transformation. In this paper, we analyze the decision of regulation bodies and monopolistic firms. Based on the analysis of aversion of uncertainty risk to monopolistic firms and consumers, we study the relation between regulation models and uncertainty. At last, we make the conclusion, and bring forward suggestion to optimize regulation model dynamically and reduce consumers’ uncertainty.
Keywords: Economic Transformation Governmental Regulation Dynamic Game Risk Aversion
JEL Classification: C78 L52 L81
产业集群升级:研究框架的比较与演变
顾慧君
摘 要:本文首先从理论竞争的角度介绍了产业集群升级研究的三个代表性的理论:新区域主义、全球商品链/价值链理论以及全球生产网络理论;其次,在上述分析的基础上,归纳产业集群升级研究分析视角的系统性转变,即从封闭系统转向开放系统,从经济(生产)系统转向社会(知识)系统;最后,分析方法的变化为研究视角的转变提供了支持,本文呈现了从交易成本经济学→嵌入性理论与社会网络分析方法→行动者网络理论的一个分析方法的变迁轨迹。
关键词:集群升级 比较 演变
The Comparison And Evolvement Of Researches On Industrial Clusters Upgrading
Gu Huijun
Abstract:First, three representative theories of research on industrial cluster upgrading are introduced by comparative analyzing: New Regionalism, Global Commodity Chains, Global Value Chains and Global Production Networks; Second, the point of view of the industrial cluster upgrading are in the transformation from close systems to open systems, from economic (production) systems to social (knowledge) systems; Finally, the foundation of this transformation is the conversion of analyzing methods about these theories, these methods including Transaction Cost Economics, Embeddeddness theory and Actor-network theory are discussed in this article.
Keywords: Industrial Clusters Upgrading Comparison Evolvement
JEL Classification: L22 L51
竞标者合谋均衡分析:从单期静态拍卖到重复动态拍卖
王宏 陈宏民
摘 要:本文假设合谋竞标者在拍卖之前采用第二价格预拍的合谋机制,分别在单期静态拍卖和重复动态拍卖的背景下,求解了第一价格拍卖和第二价格拍卖下的合谋均衡。我们不但考虑了拍卖方对于合谋的最优策略性响应,而且考虑了参与合谋的竞标者与没有参与合谋的竞标者之间的策略性响应,主要结论表明:(1)没有参与合谋的竞标者为了抵消合谋竞标者对于自己的不利影响,在竞价时考虑到合谋的存在会比不存在合谋条件下的竞价更具有进取性;(2)与第一价格拍卖相比,第二价格拍卖下的合谋更容易实现;(3)在重复动态拍卖中,给定保留价格,强卡特尔下的合谋比弱卡特尔下的合谋更容易实现;(4)无论在单期静态拍卖还是重复动态拍卖下,拍卖方合理的设定保留价格对于合谋的难易均有重要影响。
关键词:竞标者合谋 保留价格 重复拍卖
Equilibrium Analysis on Bidder Collusion: From one-period Static Auction to Repeated Dynamic Auction
Wang Hong Chen Hongmin
Abstract: We suppose collusive bidders adopt the second price pre-auction knock-out to select the effective bidder as the cartel’s representative to attend the main auction, solve the collusion equilibrium of the FPA and SPA under the background of one-period static auction and repeated dynamic auction respectively. We take into account auctioneer’s optimal strategic response to bidder collusion as well as the strategic response between cartel members and non-cartel members. The main conclusions indicate that: (1) in order to counteract disadvantage from cartel members, the bidding of non-cartel members will become more aggressive; (2) compared to the FPA, bidder collusion in the SPA can be sustained more easily; (3) given reserve price, bidder collusion in strong cartel can be more easily sustained than in weak cartel under dynamic auction; (4)whether in static auction or in dynamic auction, setting a reasonable reserve price has significant effect on bidder collusion.
Keywords: Bidder Collusion Reserve Price Repeated Auctions
JEL Classification: D44 L29 C73
可竞争市场理论及其对我国自然垄断行业改革的启示
汤吉军
摘 要:本文通过对可竞争市场理论的假设前提、推导过程,以及主要结论等进行梳理,使我们对市场机制与政府管制问题有了更深刻的了解。在此基础上,借鉴可竞争市场理论,特别是运用沉淀成本概念,我们突破了规模经济(报酬递增)导致市场失灵的传统认识,为我国自然垄断行业改革提供一些新的管制政策设计,关键在于加强沉淀成本与风险管理,从而创造出一个自由进入与自由退出的可竞争市场环境,从而使沉淀成本、产权和信息不完全管制之间形成互补关系,更好地应用于我国自然垄断行业的改革实践中。
关键词:可竞争市场;沉淀成本;自然垄断;管制政策
Contestable Market Theory and Its Implications for Reform of the Natural Monopoly in China
Tang Jijun
Abstract:The paper is to discuss the assumptions,reduction and the results of the contestable market theory,and make us better understand the boundary between market and government regulation.Based on the contestable market theory by means of the sunk cost concept,we provide some policy implications for China’s natural monopoly or public utilities to create the contestable market environment,mainly reduce or recover the entry and exit sunk costs,including market institutions,non-market institutions and government regulation policy.
Keywords:Contestable Market;Sunk Cost;Natural Monopoly;Regulation Policy
JEL Classification:D4 L11
国外服务业生产率研究:一个文献综述
曾世宏 郑江淮 丁辉关
摘 要:服务业生产率的高低是衡量现代经济体是否成熟的重要标志。对服务业生产率的研究也是国外经济学界过去、现在与未来的一个敏感课题。本文从服务业与生产率的关系、服务业生产率的度量、服务业生产率增长的影响因素、服务业生产率的异质性增长与未来进一步的研究方向等几个方面对国外服务业生产率的研究路径演化和主要观点作一些梳理,以给中国研究服务业生产率的学者一些借鉴和启示。
关键词:服务业 生产率 企业家行为
Research of Service Productivity in Foreign Economic Circles: A Survey
Zeng Shihong Zheng Jianghuai Ding Huiguan
Abstract:Whether the service productivity is high or low is the important mark that measures whether the modern economy is mature or not. The service productivity in foreign economics is also a sensitive research field.This paper outlines the dynamic path of service productivity study and reviews its many respects in the relationship between service and productivity, the service productivity measureing, the factors affecting the service productivity growth,the heterogeneity growth of service productivity and the future study problems.
Keywords: Service Industry Productivity Entrepreneurial Behavior
JEL Classification: L80 D24 M13