宽恕政策(Leniency Program)与卡特尔的反垄断控制
林平 马克斌
摘要: 世界各国经验证明,建立宽恕政策是防止和侦破卡特尔的一个有效手段。有效的宽恕政策必须满足三个基础条件:严厉的处罚威慑,强有力的反垄断执法系统,和宽恕政策的可预见性和透明度。鉴于卡特尔已在在中国经济运行中大量出现和它对社会的有害性,我们建议中国政府尽快建立明确有效的的卡特尔宽恕政策,特别是引入对卡特尔的刑事处罚,并最好在《反垄断法》立法时同步进行。
关键词: 卡特尔,宽恕政策,反垄断,博弈论
JEL分类: L41, L12
Leniency Program and Anti-Cartel Enforcement in China
Lin Ping Ma Kebin
Abstract:By granting amnesty to cartel members who turn themselves in, Leniency Program (LP) helps desist and destabilize cartels. This paper reviews the LP programs in the United States, European Union, and Japan and analyzes how China should introduce such a policy. Three key ingredients are important: high risk of detection, severe sanction, and transparency and certainty. Automatic amnesty and criminalization of cartel should be stated explicitly in the forthcoming anti-monopoly law of China. Suffering from administrative monopolies, China should also establish an independent and powerful antitrust enforcer.
Keywords:Cartels, Leniency program, Prisoners' dilemma, Deterrence effect
JEL classification:L41, L12
从中铁快运看运输市场微观结构变化与中间层组织的作用
荣朝和
摘 要:本文分析了中铁快运创立以来成功拓展快递业务网络的案例,而企业的中间层组织理论为中铁快运的成长提供了一个解释,也有助于解释运输市场在微观上是怎样运作的。运输中间层组织通过减轻逆选择和道德风险降低运输交易成本,大大提高了运输交易效率,创造出新的市场机会。如何满足日益多样化的运输与物流需求已经变成运输市场的主要矛盾,由于传统运输企业只能完成场站到场站的位移,因此联运组织以及快递和物流企业就成为新型服务链条的组织者。运输需求和运输市场的微观结构都在发生巨大变化,而运输市场的成熟程度已更多地体现在运输中间层组织的发达水平。对运输中间层组织的经济分析无论对政策制定者还是运输经营者都具有重要意义。铁路在目前多式联运的激烈竞争环境中,特别需要通过专业化的中间层组织密切与运输市场的联系。
关键词:中铁快运,快递业,铁路,运输市场,微观结构,中间层组织,企业理论
JEL分类:L870,L110
The Microstructure and Intermediaries of Transport Market
—— from the Case of China Railway Express
RONG Chaohe
Abstract:The paper takes the innovation of China Railway Express (CRE) as a case, analyzing its successful expansion of express business network since its foundation to state the application of the firm theory of intermediaries that provides a theoretical analysis framework and helps to explain the function of microstructure of transport market. Intermediaries in transport market decrease the transaction costs by reducing the adverse selection and moral hazard, tremendously increase transaction efficiency and create new opportunities. As traditional transport enterprises serve a yard-to-yard way of shipment, to meet the increasingly diversified transport and logistics demands becomes the main issue in the transport market. Therefore, there comes the new-style service chain organizer like inter-model transport and agency structure, and express and logistics enterprises. The microstructure of transport market is experiencing great changes, so is transport demand, and its maturity level is more attributed to the development level of transport intermediaries. It is meaningful and important to make economic analysis of transport intermediaries either for policy makers or business operators. Railways in particular, in the present fiercely competitive inter-model transport market, need specialized intermediaries to connect closely to the markets.
Key words: railway, express industry, CRE, transport market, intermediaries, firm theories
JEL Classification:L870,L110
网络产业单向接入定价理论研究
姜春海 于立
内容提要:网络产业放松规制、引入竞争的改革使得“瓶颈”环节和竞争性环节出现“业务分离”,从而催生出“接入问题”,并成为网络产业规制改革能否成功和有效竞争的关键。本文针对不同市场结构下的单向接入问题,对国内外现有的单向接入定价理论进行了评述。在此基础上,本文详细讨论了边际成本接入定价、ECPR和Ramsey接入定价三种主要的单向接入定价理论及其各自的优缺点。最后,本文具体探讨了网络产业规制改革后常见的垂直分离和混合市场结构下的接入定价问题。
关键词:网络产业,单向接入,接入定价,政府规制
JEL分类:L110,L800
Theories of One-way Access Pricing in Network Industries
Chunhai Jiang Li Yu
Abstract: The reforms in deregulation and introduction of competition made it possible that “business segmentation” appeared in the “bottleneck” links and competitive links, thus engendering the “access pricing”, which becomes the key to the regulatory reforms in network industries and to the effective competition. The paper aiming at one-way access problems under various market structures makes a review of the current domestic and overseas theories of one-way access pricing. On this basis, the paper discusses three principal theories of one-way access pricing including marginal costs, ECPR and Ramsey pricing theories as well as their strength and weakness in detail. Finally, the paper launches a though probe into the common vertical segmentation problems after regulatory reforms in network industries and into the access pricing problems under hybrid market structures as well.
Key Words:Network Industries; One-Way Access; Access Pricing; Government Regulation
JEL Classification:L110,L800
系统市场中的企业策略性排他行为与反垄断
唐要家
[摘要] 本文将系统竞争和组件竞争结合起来,分析系统市场中的企业策略性行为及其对市场竞争和创新的影响。在系统市场上,开放的系统竞争结构是较优的,但是追求利润最大化的企业并不一定会选择与社会福利目标相一致的组织形式,而是更多的基于策略性需要来进行选择。在邻近市场结构中,在位创新垄断企业有激励通过排他性行为将必要技术市场的垄断势力延伸到邻近竞争市场的激励,这些行为通常会严重的伤害市场竞争,阻碍技术创新。
[关键词]系统市场邻近市场市场封锁反垄断
[JEL分类]L290,L130
Strategic Exclusive Behaviors in System Market and Antimonopoly
Tang Yao-jia
Abstract: Based on system competition and component competition, this paper analyze strategic behavior and it’s influence on competition and innovation. The market structure of system competition combined with component competition is efficiency, but the max-profit firm may not chose this organization structure, what they chose is on strategic needed. In adjacent market, the monopoly firm has incentive to leverage monopoly power into competition markets, those behaviors will substantial lessening of competition and thwart innovation.
Key Words: system market; adjacent market; market foreclosure; antimonopoly
JEL Classification:L290,L130
促进“自然垄断”产业竞争的思考
张晖明 邓 霆
摘要:自然垄断是微观规制经济学和法学关注的一个现代经济的焦点问题。在这一概念产生后的若干年,并没有引起人们对它的怀疑。然而,自上世五十年代以来,由于技术进步的影响,及由此而引致的理论认识的变化,使得对它的怀疑日益加深。本文探讨了技术进步对自然垄断的影响,指出了自然垄断概念和理论基础的脆弱性,对促进相关产业的竞争手段提出了建议。
关键词:自然垄断产业;技术进步;促进竞争
JEL分类:L120,L590
Probe into Promoting the Competition Level in Natural Monopoly Industries
Zhang Huiming Deng Ting
Abstract: natural monopoly is a focused problem of modern economy concerned by micro-regulation economics and science of law. Nobody doubted about this concept for many years at its beginning. However, since the 1950s, for the influence of technique advancement and change of theory acknowledgement, the public has begun to doubt about this concept day by day. Through this paper, author makes some research on the influence of technique advancement on natural monopoly, points out the frangibility of the natural monopoly concept and its theoretical base and brings up some suggestions on the competitive methods to stimulate related industries.
Key words: natural monopoly industry; technique advancement;competition stimulation
JEL Classification:L120,L590
中国涉海产业类上市公司资本结构与公司绩效实证分析
姜旭朝 张晓燕
[摘要] 涉海产业是指人类利用海洋资源和空间所进行的各类生产和服务活动,对经济发展具有重要推动作用。本文通过对27家涉海产业上市公司1999年到2004年数据进行联立方程回归,表明涉海产业上市公司的资本结构与公司绩效显著负相关。在此基础上,提出了发展债务融资、加强信息披露、保护中小股东利益、调整股权结构等政策建议。
[关键词] 涉海产业,资本结构,公司绩效
[JEL分类] L790,L190
Empirical Study on Capital Structure and Corporate Performance of Chinese
Listed Marine Industry Firms
Jiang xu-zhao Zhang Xiao-Yan
(Ocean University of China ,Qingdao , 266071,Shandong province, China)
Abstract:This paper examines the relation between Corporate Performance and Capital Structure of Chinese Listed Marine Industry Firms. Simultaneous regression results indicate that, the capital structure is significantly negative related with corporate performance. According to the results, we propose that, the listed marine industry firms should develop debt financing, strengthen the information disclosure, protect the interests of minority stockholders, and adjust the Ownership structure.
Keywords:Marine Industry, Capital Structure, Corporate Performance
JEL Classification:L790,L190
网络外部性下的标准博弈―标准扩散和竞争理论综述
鲜于波 梅琳
摘要:网络外部性下的标准竞争越来越吸引研究者关注。本文是关于在具有网络外部性现象的行业中新技术标准的采用和扩散理论的一个全面综述。我们回顾了最近二十年来经济学理论中关于网络外部性下标准竞争和扩散方面的研究成果:从网络外部性的定义和几种常见的分析方法开始,分析了经典研究模型中标准扩散的超额动量与超额惯量理论,然后对九十年代以来关于早期经典模型的修正和发展进行了阐述,对复杂性理论和ACE范式在网络标准竞争中的应用也进行较详细的分析。最后本文初步探讨了标准竞争和政府政策间的关系。网络外部性下的标准理论不仅加深了从经济学的角度对此类现象的认识,而且在实践中对厂商市场策略和政府产业竞争政策的制定也有很重要的意义。
关键字:网络外部性,标准竞争,标准扩散
Standard Game under Network Externality——A Survey of Standard Diffusion and Competition
Xian Yubo Mei Lin
Abstract: With the rapid development of industries those exhibit strong network effect, the problem of standard adoption and competition under the network externality is becoming more and more important and salient. This paper mainly studies the theory of standard competition and diffusion in these industries with network effect. We survey the research of this economic field in the last twenty years---from the modification and refinement of the classical model to the recently developed ACE paradigm. Based on this, we also examine its implication to the social welfare and government policy. The standard competition theory under network externality not only deepens our understanding of these phenomena, but also has significant bearing on the strategy taken by the firm or the policy hold by the government.
Key words: Network externality, standard competition,standard diffusion
JEL Classification:L100,L500
消费资本资产定价理论:回顾与评述
臧旭恒 王立平
摘 要本文对消费资本资产定价理论的发展进行了回顾与评述。消费资本资产定价理论是消费选择理论在不确定性领域的延伸,该理论跨越了消费选择理论与资产定价理论两个研究领域,成功地将这两个理论统一在一起。目前,它已经成为研究消费选择与资本收益问题的基础理论。由于标准消费资本资产定价模型无法解释股票升水之谜与无风险利率之谜,这在经济学界引起了广泛关注,许多经济学者对标准消费资本资产定价模型进行了验证,从不同的角度对此进行研究并提出解释,并由此促进了消费资本资产定价理论的发展。消费资本资产定价理论的发展主要有两个方向:其一是对代表性经济人效用函数的的修正,其二是对资本市场框架的修正。对于CCAPM的争论还在继续,但没人能否认该理论在宏观经济学以及金融理论领域中所占据的重要地位。
关键词 消费资本资产定价理论,股票升水之谜,无风险利率之谜
JEL分类: D110,G120
A Review of the Consumption-based Capital Asset Pricing Theory
Zang Xuheng and Wang Liping
Abstract: This paper reviews the development of the consumption-based capital asset pricing theory. This theory is an extension of the consumption choice theory in the uncertain field and successfully unites the consumption choice theory and asset pricing theory. The consumption-based capital asset pricing theory has become the basic theory in the research of the consumption choice and asset returns. Because the standard CCAPM couldn’t explain the equity premium puzzle and the risk-free rate puzzle, many economic researchers have tested the standard CCAPM and tried to explain the puzzles from various points. And this leads to the development of the consumption-based capital asset pricing theory, which mainly develops in two directions: modification of the utility function of the representative agent and the capital market framework. The discussion of the CCAPM still goes on, but no one could deny its importance in the fields of macroeconomics and financial theories.
Key Words: Consumption-based capital asset pricing theory, Equity premium puzzle, Risk-free rate puzzle
JEL Classification: D110,G120
中国工业产业创新水平及影响因素——面板数据的实证分析
吴延兵
摘要:本文运用中国大中型工业企业产业面板数据实证检验了熊彼特假说,并且考察了产权结构、政府资助对创新的影响。研究表明,企业规模与专利数量之间没有必然的联系,而新产品销售收入随企业规模的增加以非线性递增的趋势增加。本文还发现,国有产权对创新没有稳定的显著的影响,政府资助对创新具有促进作用。
关键词:熊彼特假说,企业规模,产权结构,创新
JEL分类: D21, L60, O31
Innovation in Chinese Industry and Its Influential Factors
——An Empirical Analysis of Panel Data
Wu Yanbing
(Institute of Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 100836)
Abstract:In this paper Schumpeter’s hypothesis is investigated by using Chinese industry’s panel data and the effects of ownership structure and financial aids from government on innovation are also investigated. We find that there is no correlation between firm size and the number of patents, and that new product sales increase non-linearly with firm size. Therefore Schumpeter hypothesis may depend on different innovation indexes. We also find that state ownership has no stable and significant effects on innovation and financial aids from government have significantly positive effects on it.
Key Words:Schumpeter hypothesis,Firm Size,Ownership Structure,Innovation
JEL Classification:D21, L60, O31
论数网融合与电信业的竞争与管制
范爱军 刘青
[摘要]上世纪90年代以来,由于技术进步、市场需求和放松管制等因素的影响,电信业出现了电信网、有线电视网和因特网三网融合的趋势。这种趋势改变了由单一网络传输单一业务的局面,出现了多网传输多种电信业务的局面,所以三网融合又被称为数网融合。本文重点分析了数网融合下电信竞争以及为促进竞争需要的管制改革。运用均衡模型从理论上分析了数网融合的市场结构、竞争行为和绩效的关系;对移动电信的融合即3G的竞争和管制问题从理论和实践上进行了分析;提出了为适应数网竞争而采取的管制融合及相关措施。
[关键词] 数网融合,有效竞争,管制融合
[JEL分类]L520,L860
Convegence Among.coms and Telecommunication Competition and regulation
Fan Ai-Jun Liu Qing
Abstract:Since 1990s,on account of technical development, demand and deregulation, there has been a trend of convergence among telecommunication network,CATV and internet ,which has changed telecommunication industry from single network transmitting single business to multiple-networks transmitting more businesses. This paper laies much emphasis on telecommunication competition and ints need for regulation reform under the situation of convergence among.coms ,by analyzing the relationship among telecommunication market structure, conduct and performance with the paradigm of balance, analyzing competition and regulation of 3G in terms of theory and practice; putting forward the term of regulation convergence and related measures promoting telecommunication competition .
Key Words: Convegence among.com,workable competition,regulation converence
JEL Classification:L520,L860
外部效用、过度竞争与最优管制
王秋菲 李凯
摘要:本文把外部效用理论引进传统的S-C-P范式下的过度竞争产业分析,重新定义了过度竞争产业的概念,认为产业过度竞争的根源在于产业的外部性。以我国煤炭产业为案例,分析了人力资源的外部性是该产业过度竞争的根源。同时以外部效用理论为基础,提出了过度竞争产业最优规制实现的过程。
关键词:外部效用,过度竞争,最优管制
JEL分类: L720,L590
Externality、Excessive Competition and Optimal Regulation
Likai Wangqiufei
(School of Business Administration, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China)
Abstract:Through inducing externality theory in traditional s-c-p theoretic pattern of industrial excessive competition analysis, this article redefines the concept of excessive competition industry and deems that industrial excessive competition originates from its externality. The case of coal industry is used to analyze the origination of excessive competition because of its human resource externality. This article brings forward process of achieving optimal regulation of excessive competition, which bases on externality theory.
Keywords:Externality Excessive Competition Optimal Regulation
JEL Classification: L720,L590
产业集群与空间经济理论的发展
——第五届产业集群与区域发展国际学术会议综述
金祥荣 项星
回答和研究“何地生产”这样一个还未被主流框架“接纳”的经济学基本问题的空间经济学,近年来在国际学术界成为前沿热点。在国内,改革开放以来大规模的产业集群独特现象,也引发了越来越多的学者对产业集群和空间经济理论的兴趣和研究。2006年7月14日至17日,以“中国产业集群的创新和升级”为主题的第五届产业集群与区域发展国际学术会议在北京大学英杰交流中心举行。会议由北京大学地理科学研究中心主办,国家科技部火炬中心、(香港)利丰集团、长江创意产业研究中心协办。自2004年以来,产业集群与区域发展国际学术会议已经在浙江大学、中山大学、山东大学和东华大学成功举办了四届。本届会议共征集入选学术论文八十余篇,设一个主会场和四个分会场,参会人员达三百余人,分别来自全国各省市的数十个高校和研究机构、政府相关部门、纺织和家具等行业的协会,以及美、日、英、意、法、荷等国的著名学者。与会者分别从经济学、管理学、经济地理学和社会学等多学科交叉视角,对产业集群的创新与升级、集群研究的理论与方法、集群的经验研究等理论和现实问题进行了广泛而深入的研讨。本文主要从经济学角度对会议的有关成果进行综述。
第一届“山东经济学年会”综述
尹莉
2006年11月24日至25日,在泉城济南隆重召开了第一届山东省经济学年会暨学术研讨会。本次会议由山东经济学年会秘书处主办,由山东大学经济学院承办。来自北京大学、清华大学、南开大学等省外及省内高等院校经济学院(管理学院、商学院)、科研机构和实际工作部门的40余位专家学者汇集一堂,《经济学动态》、《东岳论丛》等杂志的代表也应邀出席会议。本次会议共提交论文105篇,其中10篇入选论文在会上进行了交流,参会代表就论文中的有关问题进行了深入探讨,提出很多有参考价值的观点及政策建议。