纵向约束的经济理论
谭国富
英属哥伦比亚大学经济学系
997-1873 East Mall
Vancouver,B.C.V6T 1Z1
摘要:制造商、批发商和零售商之间的纵向关系常常包含复杂的合约安排,这些安排通常被称为纵向约束。本文选择性回顾了一部分纵向约束的经济理论。文章解释了纵向约束是如何被用来控制来自于制造商、批发商和零售商相互影响的几个外部性问题,还讨论了在多大程度上需要调整这些工具以将不确定性和不对称信息考虑在内。一般说来,纵向约束能够提升效率,但是它们也可能产生反竞争效应。哪种效应会占主导和哪类纵向约束会被采用严格取决于信息环境和纵向与横向的市场结构。本文进一步尝试将理论与杂货业中某些现行作法联系在一起。
社会资本与经济增长关系的理论研究综述
刘国亮
摘要 社会资本与经济增长的关系是上世纪80年代开始受到普遍关注的问题,本文对有关社会资本的概念与分类、社会资本与经济增长和社会发展的关系理论以及社会资本的累积等问题作了一个简单的综述,并提出了需要进一步研究的问题展望。
关键词 社会资本 经济增长
The Survey of the Relation of Social Capital and Economic Growth
Liu Guoliang
(Shandong University)
Abstract: Since 1980s,lots of economists focus on the relationship between social capital and economic performance. This article gives a survey of the definitions of the social capital, the theories of the social capital and economic growth and social development, the accumulation of social capital. In the conclusion, we give some comments on the research of the social capital.Key word: Social Capital Economic Growth
Key word: Social Capital Economic Growth
JEL Classification:A120, A130, O400
关系网络开发利用的影响因素和结果:
对中国民营企业的研究
武常岐 胡雯
摘 要 本研究分析了中国环境下,民营企业对外部环境的关系网络开发利用受到哪些因素的影响及其如何对企业的绩效产生影响。实证研究的结果表明,企业对关系网络的开发利用受到三个层次因素的影响:个人因素、组织因素和环境因素。在个人层次,企业管理者的领袖式管理能力以及积极性的人格特征对企业与关系网络的开发利用有显著的正向影响;在组织层次,企业的关系网络开发利用受到财务资源的重要性影响而加强,但是知识的重要性在验证中没有得到支持;在环境层次,市场的波动性导致了企业对关系网络开发利用的增强,而制度的不确定性对关系网络开发利用的影响在统计上不显著。受到多层次因素影响的企业关系网络开发利用程度在一定程度上促进了企业的业绩。
关键词关系网络开发利用,个人因素,组织因素,环境因素,企业业绩
Antecedent and consequent effects of network utilization:
A study on Chinese private enterprises
Wu Changqi Hu Wen
Abstract:This study focuses on which factors influence the external network utilization of Chinese private enterprises and which effects it puts on performance of these enterprises in the Chinese context. The result of empirical research showed that network utilization has been influenced by several factors at there levels: personal factors, organizational factors and environmental factors. At the personal level, charismatic leadership and proactive personality of the managers will have significantly positive effect on network utilization. At the organizational level, network utilization is strengthened by importance of financial resources while the result didn’t support the positive effect of importance of knowledge. At the environmental level, market disturbance results in further network utilization, but the impact set by institutional uncertainty isn’t statistically significant. Network utilization that is influenced by multiple-level factors promotes the performance to a certain extent.
Key words:network utilization, personal factors, organizational factors, environmental factors, performance
JEL Classification L100, L230, l220
模块化、组织柔性与虚拟再整合产业组织体系
朱瑞博
中文摘要:模块化是标准化的崭新形式,对产品的设计、研发、生产等活动具有组织柔性化效应和组织间柔性化效应,是实现大规模定制的组织基础。跨国公司或虚拟企业通过组织接近整合地理接近来协调和治理全球化进程中本地化的各类产业集群或专业区,使其有序地连接成一个有机整体,并使产业系统的空间得以扩展。在拉动力、推动力和催化力的共同驱动下,价值链整合的组织模式向模块化虚拟再整合的组织体系演进。
关键词:模块化;组织柔性;组织接近;虚拟再整合
Modulization, Organization Flexibility and
Virtual Re-integration Industrial Organization Systems
Abstract: Modulization is the new form of standardization. Modulization has organization flexibility effects and inter-organization flexibility effects answer to activities such as production’s design, R&D, produce. Modulization is organization foundation of mass customization. By organization proximity integration geography proximity, MNCs or virtual enterprises harmonize and govern all kinds industry clusters or special zone, which be connected as a whole system, will make the space of industry system on have a new development. Under the collective drive of draw force, push force and catalyze force, the organization mode of value chain integration evolve to virtual re-integration mode.
Key Words: modulization, organization flexibility, organization proximity,
virtual re-integration,
JEL classication:L000,L200,L860
企业间信息系统、不完全合约和战略供应关系
杨农
摘要:以电子商务为基础的信息技术的广泛应用,不仅降低了交易成本,而且导致了供应商关系的巨大变化。当搜寻成本和其他的协调成本降低时,传统的理论推断,企业将增加与之进行交易的供应商数量,虽然信息技术的发展导致了这些成本的下降,但是并没有明显的证据显示供应商的数量确实在增加,与之相反,很多产业中的企业却正在同越来越少的供应商做生意。本文将提出一个一体化的分析框架研究信息技术对产业组织的全面影响,并应用这一框架分析企业间系统(IOS)的投资激励和资产所有权结构,应用不完全合约理论研究关系专用性投资和最优供应商数量的确定。
关键词:企业间系统;不完全合约;购买商和供应商关系;关系专用性投资
Interorganizational System, Contract Completeness, And Buyer-Supplier Relationships
Yang Nong
(Economic School of Qinghua University)
Abstract :Information technology used to support electronic commerce transactions have the potential to trigger significant changes in supplier relationships by reducing transaction costs. As search costs and other coordination costs decline, traditional theory predicts that firms should optimally increase the number of suppliers with which they do business. Despite recent declines in these costs due to information technology, there is little evidence of an increase in the number of suppliers used. On the contrary, in many industries, firms are working with fewer suppliers. We are now able to offer an integrative framework for describing the impacts of IT on industrial organization. We apply our framework to analyze the assets and the ownership structure of IOS, This paper uses the theory of incomplete contracts to illustrate that incentive considerations can motivate a buyer to limit the number of employed suppliers.
Key Words:interorganizational system ; incomplete contract ; buyer-supplier relationships ; relationship-specific investment
JEL classication:D820,D210,L140
进入壁垒与民营企业的成长
——吉利集团案例研究
汪伟 史晋川
内容提要:本文详细刻画了在中国转型经济的特定体制环境中吉利集团的成长与进入壁垒之间的关系。研究结论表明,在转型经济中民营企业逐步成长的路径特征是民营企业持续回应和消解进入壁垒的结果。管制性壁垒对经济性壁垒存在部分替代效应。转型经济中政府对特定行业的管制,在提高民营企业管制性进入壁垒的同时,显著弱化了市场性进入壁垒。这种管制性壁垒对市场性壁垒的替代效应也导致了转型经济时期民营企业家的“政治企业家能力”对“一般企业家能力”的部分替代,这构成了转型经济中有关民营企业的企业家能力的独特内容。
关键词:民营企业;进入壁垒;转型经济
Barriers to Entry and the Development of Private Enterprise
——A Case Study of Geely Group
Wang Wei Shi Jinchuan
This paper depicts the relationship between the development of private enterprises and barriers to entry in transitional China. As far as Chinese private enterprises are concerned, economic barriers can be partially substituted by administrative barriers. Such substitution leads to the distortion of private entrepreneurs’ endowment structure. We also conclude that the character of the path of private enterprises’ gradual development is that enterprises continually respond to the entry barriers and finally get their own equilibrium.
Key words:Private enterprise; barriers to entry; transitional economy
JEL Classification:L510, O530, P310
企业软预算约束下的过度投资与市场进入障碍
——经济转型时期我国网络产业国有企业行为分析
柳学信 王文举
摘要:本文将通过模型来分析国有企业在软预算约束下会采取的策略性行为及其后果。经济转型时期,在软预算约束下,面临外部竞争压力的国有企业会有过度投资的冲动,这种过度投资将造成市场外部潜在企业的市场进入障碍,从而维护自己的垄断地位。本文的模型结果表明,只要存在软预算约束,这种过度投资行为就不可避免。
关键词:软预算约束;过度投资;进入障碍
Overinvestment under Soft Budget Constraint and Barrier to Entry
Liu Xuexin Wang Wenju
(Capital University of Economics and Business)
Abstract:This paper analyzes the strategic behaviors of state-owned enterprises under soft budget constraint during economy transition and the market results. When facing outside competition, the state-owned enterprises under soft budget constraint will have the impulses of over-investment, which create the barriers to entry for outside potential competitors. Thus their monopoly positions will be sustained. Our model demonstrates that the over-investment is inevitable whenever there is soft budget constraint.
Key Words:Soft budget constraint over-investment barrier to entry
JEL classication:C71,D21, D43
国有工业和乡镇工业的企业行为与绩效差异
唐要家
摘要:本文采用1995年第三次工业普查的数据,来检验国有工业企业和非国有工业企业的利润和市场份额的行为性影响因素。分析显示,国有工业企业既没有规模经济又没有技术创新经济,所有权制度缺陷是其低效率的根源,社会性负担并不是导致其市场份额降低的主要原因。乡镇工业企业的机制灵活性优势使其具有明显的竞争效率优势。但是国有工业企业的过剩资产和过高的资本——劳动比率,不仅阻碍了乡镇企业的发展,而且扭曲了乡镇企业的市场行为选择。
关键词国有工业企业乡镇企业利润率市场份额
Enterprise Conducts, and Performance Difference in SOIE and TVIE
Tang Yaojia
( Liaoning University of China )
Abstract Based on the third time industry investigation date of 1995, this paper test the conductive factors of profit and market share on state owned industrial enterprises (SOIEs) and Township-village industrial enterprises (TVIEs). The result shows : SOIEs don’t have scale efficiency and innovation efficiency, the ownership institution is the main reason, the social welfare burden is not result in decrease of SOIEs’s market share. The mechanism flexibility of TVIEs give them great efficiency superiority. The excess product capacity and high capital /labor rate not only impede TVIEs’s growth , but also distort the market conducts of TVIEs.
Key Words: ownership enterprise conducts SOIEs TVIEs profits market share
JEL classication:L200,L290,L120
中国电信业自然垄断性的减弱与规制改革
余东华
摘 要 改革开放以前,中国电信业的初始市场结构属于典型的自然垄断,实行独家垄断经营的管理体制具有一定的经济合理性。改革开放以后,特别是20世纪90年代中期以后,技术进步、需求变化和市场化改革直接导致了中国电信业自然垄断性的减弱和市场结构的演变,中国电信业内部出现了强自然垄断、弱自然垄断和竞争并存的市场结构。为了保持与自然垄断性和市场结构的对称和动态均衡,中国电信业的规制体制需要进行改革和创新。
关键词 中国电信业, 自然垄断性, 规制改革
The Attenuation of Natural Monopoly Characteristic of China’s
Telecommunications and Its Regulatory System Reforming
YU-Donghua
(Economic School of Shandong University)
AbstractBefore the reforming and opening, the original market structure of China’s telecommunications was a typical natural monopoly, and executing the monopolistic management system was rationality on economics. From the reforming and opening, especially from the middle age of 1990s, the natural monopoly characteristic of China’s telecommunications attenuated and the market structure evolved for the technology advancement, demand change and market-directed reforming in China’s telecommunications. The market structure of China’s telecommunications can be classified as strong natural monopoly, weak natural monopoly and competition. The regulatory system of China’s telecommunications must reform and innovate to retain the symmetry and dynamical equilibrium to the natural monopoly characteristic and market structure of China’s telecommunications.
Key Words China’s Telecommunications,Natural Monopoly Characteristic,Regulatory System Reforming
JEL Classification D420, L510, L960
自然垄断产业信息与激励微观规制探究
刘亚莉
摘要:始于20世纪80年代末的我国自然垄断产业规制体制改革取得了良好的社会和经济效果。但是,一直以来,关于自然垄断领域的研究主要集中在宏观管制体制方面,自然垄断产业的微观规制问题尚未引起学者们足够的重视。在自然垄断产业改革过程中,如何避免产权与所有者缺位造成的政府失灵和外部性问题,实现行业自身的可持续发展,宏观体制的改革仅仅提供了产业变革的环境,对企业的规范和导向更依赖于微观规制体系。本文探讨了自然垄断产业信息披露规制、绩效评价规制和激励约束规制,构建了自然垄断企业信息与激励微观规制的理论框架,为我国自然垄断产业改革的全面推进提供理论支持与政策建议。
关键词:自然垄断 信息披露 绩效评价 激励约束 微观规制
On the Information and Incentives Regulation for Natural monopoly Industry
Liu Yali
Abstract:The regulation reform for natural monopoly industry beginning at the end of 80s has made significant social and economic achievements. However, the research on natural monopoly has always been focusing on macro-management system, the micro-regulation system for natural monopoly industry has not attracted sufficient attention of scholars. During the process of natural monopoly industry' s reform, how to evade “government failure” and “external problem” to realize the industry’s sustainable development, the reform of macro-management system just offers an environment for the industry' s reform, regulating and directing the enterprise depends much on the micro- regulation system. This paper discusses the information disclosure regulation, performance assessment regulation and incentives regulation, constructs information and incentives regulation framework for natural monopoly industry to provide theoretical support and policy suggestion for our country' s natural monopoly industry reforming.
Keywords:natural monopoly; information disclosure; performance assessment; incentives; micro-regulation
JEL classication:D890,L430,L590
制造业国际转移与中国吸纳区位优势提升
吴解生
[摘要]随着经济全球化进程的不断深入,产业的国际转移呈现出前所未有的活跃景象。而越来越具有空间可分性特征的制造业产品价值链在全球范围内的大规模重组,则使这种转移更趋广泛而深刻。20多年来,对制造业国际转移的积极吸纳构成了中国经济持续快速增长的重要支撑性因素。可以认为,继续保持对制造业国际转移的积极吸纳,并不断提升产业吸纳的结构水平,即不断提高对那些处于生命周期较早期阶段的产品和在价值链中处于较高端位置的环节的吸纳比重,应该在较长时间内成为中国经济发展的重要路径。为了做到这一点,中国必须努力提升自己的产业吸纳区位优势。在提升中国产业吸纳区位优势的过程中,推进人力资本的加速积累应该居于突出的地位。
[关键词] 价值链重组;产业国际转移;吸纳区位;优势提升
The International Industry Shifting and The Upgrading of China’s
Advantage of Location on Industry Absorbing
Wu Jiesheng
(Shanghai University, Shanghai)
Abstract :With the development of economic globalization, the global reorganization of product value chain has largely promoted the level of the international industry shifting. Over the past 20 years, the active absorption of the manufacturing industry shifting constitutes the vital center for China’s rapid economic growth. The continuous active absorption of the manufacturing industry shifting and ongoing improvement on the industry absorbing structure shall be a important path of development for China in the long term. In doing so, China must promote its advantage of location on industry absorbing. During the course of the location advantage upgrading, the acceleration of human capital accumulation shall be standout among other factors.
Key words:value chain reorganization; international industry shifting; industry absorbing location; advantage upgrading
JEL Classification:F010,F200,F290
中国全要素生产率的变动趋势
—基于非参数的Malmquist指数方法
孟令杰 李静
摘要:本文利用Malmquist生产率指数方法,对中国28个省份1952-1998年间的全要素生产率的变化作了测算。结果显示,中国全要素生产率表现出阶段性的增长变化:改革前只有微弱的增长,并且呈现地区间较大差距;1980年代早期呈现出较高的增长速度;1985至1992年间由于当时各种因素的影响,TFP的增长曾一度下滑地比较严重。1992年后由于改革开放的全面深入,成功地扭转了TFP下降的势头,走上了以技术进步为主导的良性发展轨道。
关键词:TFP Malmquist指数 技术进步 生产效率
The tendency of total factor productivity of China
----Based on the method of non-parameter Malmquist index
Meng Lingjie and Li Jing
Abstract:In this paper the Malmquist index of total factor productivity is applied to a sample of 28 districts over the period 1952-1998 in China. Results are reported both in form of four time sub-periods and three subgroups. We found that TFP growth in China is mainly due to factor accumulation before 1992, however, the implementation of technological innovations plays an important role after 1992.
Key words:TFP;Malmquist index;Technology progress;Productive efficiency
JEL Classification:O490,O470